平等的限制

罗尔斯《正义论》的出版,实现了当代政治哲学研究主题范式的转换:从自由到平等。人类几千年以来都在追求平等,然而时至今日仍难以完全实现。新自由主义提出了不同的平等理论范式来解决经济的不平等。罗尔斯的“民主平等”被视为诸种平等理论中的上佳范式,其缜密的论证、严密的逻辑、精巧的体系都令人叹为观止。但是,任何一种理论,无论多么精妙总会受到许多限制和约束。一解决不平等的理由充足与否构成平等理论的首要限制。解决不平等的理由是什么,这可以从两个方面来分析回答:一是为什么要平等;二是导致不平等的原因在道德上是不应该的。人…     

农村初中生学习适应性发展的研究

本研究运用测量的方法考察了 3 86名农村初中生学习适应性的发展。结果表明 ,初一学生的学习适应性显著地好于初二、初三、初四的学生 ;男女学生的学习适应性差异显著 ;在“学习态度”、“学习技术”、“学习环境”、“身心健康”四个分测验中 ,年级差异非常显著 ;优等生和差生在学习适应性上也存在着非常显著的差异。     

Aggregating and Testing Intra-Individual Correlations: Methods and Comparisons

From a longitudinal study, we have repeatedly measured data from multiple individuals at multiple occasions. For each individual, the relation between 2 variables can be measured by the Pearson’s correlation. The question is how to aggregate the multiple correlations and conduct statistical inference on the aggregated intra-individual correlation. Several methods are proposed to aggregate and test intra-individual correlations: (a) a meta-analysis method based on Fisher’s Z transformed correlations, (b) a meta-analysis method based on the Pearson’s correlations, and (c) a multilevel modeling method using data standardized within each individual. The performance of the methods after bias corrections was compared using simulations with considering factors including numbers of individuals, numbers of time points, population effect sizes, and their distribution forms (homogeneous vs heterogeneous). The results from the simulation studies show that estimation biases were found using the meta-analytic methods and suggestions on when and how to correct biases were provided based on the simulation results. Furthermore, the performance of the 3 methods after necessary bias corrections was found to be comparable and reasonably good, indicating that all 3 methods worked for aggregating and testing intra-individual correlations. An empirical daily diary data set was then used to illustrate the applications of the 3 methods. The assumptions, advantages and disadvantages, and possible extensions of the 3 methods were discussed.     

TEM observation of oxide scale formed on a Ti–Al–Zr alloy oxidized at 360°C in alkaline steam

Ti–Al–Zr alloy has been oxidized at 360°C in alkaline steam at a pressure of 10.3?±?0.7?MPa. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations indicated that the oxide scale of Ti–Al–Zr alloy was composed of outer and inner subscales, in which the outer layer consists of anatase-TiO₂ and the inner layer a mixture of TiO and Ti₂O. The thickness of the Ti₂O, TiO and anatase-TiO₂ were approximately 50, 100 and 400?nm, respectively. These results were confirmed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) measurements. The enhanced corrosion of titanium alloys in LiOH solution is attributed to a high hexagonal Ti₂O to tetragonal TiO₂ phase transformation rate induced by the substitution of Li⁺ for Ti⁴⁺ in the oxide layer.     

A Cross-Cultural and Developmental Analysis of Self-Esteem in Chinese and Western Children

In this review, we examine the construct of self-esteem from a cross-cultural perspective in Chinese and Western children and adolescents. We also explore the role of childrearing practices in the development of self-esteem in these different cultures. In doing so, we first review the concepts of emic (i.e., variations in patterns of behavior within a given culture) and etic research (i.e., variations in common patterns of behavior or activities across cultures). Then, we invoke Berry's notions of “imposed-etic” and “derived-etic” approaches (J. Berry, 1989) in understanding crucial cross-cultural differences that are evident in the literature. We pose basic questions such as: (1) What does self-esteem “look” like in Chinese children? (2) How do childrearing practices in China influence the development of self-esteem in children? And, (3) what are the limitations of cross-cultural research in understanding a phenomenon such as self-esteem? We suggest that self-esteem does not “mean” the same things across these collectivist and individualistic cultures. We conclude our discourse with specific recommendations for clinical theory, research, and practice.     

Flexible parafoveal encoding of character order supports word predictability effects in Chinese reading: Evidence from eye movements

Several eye-movement studies have revealed flexibility in the parafoveal processing of character-order information in Chinese reading. In particular, studies show that processing a two-character word in a sentence benefits more from parafoveal preview of a nonword created by transposing rather than replacing its two characters. One issue that has not been investigated is whether the contextual predictability of the target word influences this processing of character order information. However, such a finding would provide novel evidence for an early influence of context on lexical processing in Chinese reading. Accordingly, we investigated this issue in an eye-movement experiment using the boundary paradigm and sentences containing two-character target words with high or low contextual predictability. Prior to the reader’s gaze crossing an invisible boundary, each target word was shown normally (i.e. a valid preview) or with its two characters either transposed or replaced by unrelated characters to create invalid nonword previews. These invalid previews reverted to the target word once the reader’s gaze crossed the invisible boundary. The results showed larger preview benefits (i.e. a decrease in fixation times) for target words following transposed-character than substituted-character previews, revealing a transposed-character effect similar to that in previous research. In addition, a word predictability effect (shorter fixation times for words with high than low predictability) was observed following both valid and transposed-character previews, but not substituted-character previews. The findings therefore reveal that context can influence an early stage of lexical processing in Chinese reading during which character order is processed flexibly.

     

韩国、印尼留学生汉字识别中形音义的激活

该研究采用基于语义的和基于语音的启动范畴判断作业,在不同的SOA条件下,考察了中级汉语水平韩国和印尼留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的相对时间进程。结果表明,表意文字背景的韩国留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的时序是字形—字义—字音,拼音文字背景的印尼留学生高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的时序是字形—字音—字义;高频汉字的语音激活是自动的,印尼留学生的语音激活要早于韩国留学生。母语的认知加工特点影响中级汉语水平留学生高频汉字识别形音义激活的时间进程。     

中学生的学习观及其对学业成绩的影响路径

该研究采用自编的中学生学习观问卷测查中学生的学习观现状。在此基础上,进一步研究学习观与学习策略、学业自我效能感及学业成绩的关系,探讨学习观对学业成绩的影响路径。研究结论如下:中学生的学习观总体上是倾向于建构性的;初中生与高中生、学优生与学差生在学习观的一些维度上存在显著差异;中学生的学习观对学业成绩既存在显著的直接影响,同时也通过影响学习策略、学业自我效能感对学业成绩产生间接影响。     

《管子》人才思想及其现代解读

《管子》是我国古代著名的一部子书,其中蕴涵着丰富的人才思想。它提出了一整套关于人才的培养、选拔、任用和激励等方面的措施和思想。对其包含的人才思想进行现代解读,对于现代人力资源管理具有积极的借鉴意义。