青少年压力:两个华人社区之比较研究

研制适合当代我国青少年的生活压力事件问卷,并对广州和澳门两地中学生的压力状况进行比较。研究一在参考前人问卷及预试的基础上编制初步问卷,用之对广州1652名初一到高三6个年级的中学生进行问卷调查,通过因素分析形成一份六维度的正式问卷,这六个维度分别是学业压力、社会人际压力、父母压力、自我发展压力、环境压力和学校-老师压力。研究二用问卷对广州和澳门两地初一到高三6个年级的中学生进行比较,结果发现,两地学生在这所有维度上均差异显著,只有环境维度广州学生感受到的压力高于澳门,其他五个维度均是澳门学生高于广州学生。     

《青少年心理健康素质调查表》动力系统分量表的编制

本文旨在介绍青少年心理健康素质动力系统量表的编制及其标准化过程。量表编制的重要理论基础为马斯洛的五级动机理论和弗兰克尔的自我超越动机理论。研究的测量工具有:自尊量表,自我超越生命意义量表,指向自我生命意义量表和对意义的追寻量表。被试为北京市某中学的334名初中高中学生。结果显示:青少年心理健康素质动力系统量表的内部一致性Cronbach′sα=0.90,效标效度较理想。研究结论:该量表可以作为测量青少年心理健康素质动力系统的一个较为可靠的工具。     

初中生友谊认知的类型特点

本研究在已有理论及开放式问卷基础上首先确定友谊认知的初步结构,采用探索性因素分析调整结构并筛选题目,最终确定友谊认知问卷的4个维度。验证性因素分析表明,自编的友谊认知问卷具有较好的结构效度,其他各项信效度指标也均达到心理测量学的要求。另外,聚类分析表明可以把初中生的友谊认知划分为重情感-重兴趣、重情感-轻兴趣和情感淡漠-轻兴趣3种类型。     

人格维度与行为抑制的相关研究

本研究旨在探讨人格特点与行为抑制之间的关系。680名被试完成了中国人人格量表(QZPS)和行为抑制量表(BIS),回归和相关分析的结果表明,对七种行为的抑制都与多个人格因素显著相关,相关系数在0.10-0.57之间。控制人格因素间的相关之后,进入每个预测行为抑制回归方程的人格因素分别为6-10个,能够解释17%-51%的变异。文中还对本研究的局限及进一步研究的方向进行了讨论。     

亲子间家庭功能知觉相似性的特点及其与青少年自尊的关系

采用家庭功能评价量表(FAI),Rosenberg自尊量表,对北京和西安4所普通中学的1317名初高中生及其父母进行调查。结果发现:(1)亲子间的家庭功能知觉存在中等程度的相似性,青少年与父亲和青少年与母亲间知觉的相似性无显著差异;(2)亲子间家庭功能知觉相似性的性别和年级差异显著,女孩与父母间知觉的相似性高于男孩,高一年级与父母知觉的相似性高于其他三个年级;家庭功能不同维度知觉相似性的表现不同;(3)不同性别和不同知觉相似性水平的青少年自尊得分差异显著;低相似性组个体的自尊分数显著低于高相似性组和一般组;亲子间在整体家庭功能和父母关注维度的相似性可显著预测青少年自尊。     

Blazing the trail versus trailing the group: Culture and perceptions of the leader’s position

Research suggests that power triggers assertive action. However, people from different cultures might expect different types of action from powerful individuals such as leaders. In comparing cultural differences in leadership imagery, we find that Americans represent leaders standing ahead of groups, whereas Asians also represent leaders behind groups. We propose that front versus back positions embody two faces of leader action: individual assertion versus group-focused action. Studies 1a and 1b respectively employed etic and emic methods to demonstrate that Singaporeans were more likely than Americans to represent leaders behind groups. In Study 2, Singaporeans evaluated back leaders more favorably than Americans did, and group focus mediated cultural differences. Simulating the conditions under which cultural differences arise, Study 3 demonstrates that a primarily Western managerial sample primed with threat (versus opportunity) preferred back leaders. By describing cultural variations in imagery, we reveal more nuanced implicit theories of leader action.     

The Trajectory of Counseling in China: Past,Present, and Future Trends

This article surveys the past, present, and future trends of counseling in China. Historically, mental health problems were addressed within the family. Currently, psychotherapy from trained practitioners is available on a limited basis, at least in urban settings. The challenge of mental health in China is tremendous, and the efforts to meet that challenge are encouraging. The authors recommend that in the future, prevention and intervention services be offered that are ecosystemic, strengths‐based, and culturally appropriate.     

宽恕治疗:基于东西方文化比较的研究

在积极心理学视野下,宽恕这一主题日益受到心理学界的关注,西方心理治疗领域发展出一项针对受冒犯者的临床技术--宽恕治疗,现有研究支持了其在西方文化中的有效性.而有研究表明,宽恕是一个受文化制约的心理现象,因此,在跨文化应用时,需要考虑其文化制约性,该文在介绍西方宽恕治疗临床应用的基础上,进行文化方面的比较与讨论,并就宽恕治疗的跨文化应用提出一些思考,据此提出在中国文化背景下的宽恕治疗构想.     

国家基本药物制度试点中的问题及对策

当前国家基本药物制度试点取得明显成效,但在同步实施、技术接轨、药物获取、集中采购、财政补偿、人员编制、绩效改革等方面仍存在不少问题.需要加大综合配套改革力度,在基本药物获取、完善采购制度、提高使用效率、科学合理补偿、提高惠民水平、强化绩效考核等方面加强探索、完善机制.     

The Psychiatric Diagnosis of Alcohol Abuse and the Medical Diagnosis of Alcoholic Related Liver Disease: Effects on Liver Transplant Survival

The present study investigated whether differing diagnostic criteria for alcoholism used by mental health professionals versus hepatologists lead to different outcomes in predicting liver transplant survival as determined by the medical record and without a priori judgments. This was in contrast to past studies, particularly in the liver transplant literature, demonstrating comparable survival rates between alcoholics and non-alcoholics that have typically employed a diagnosis of Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), which does not capture the salient maladaptive behavioral and interpersonal features associated with DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of Alcohol Abuse (AA) and Alcohol Dependence (AD). A series of survival analyses were conducted using data culled from the psychological and medical records of 358 first-time liver transplant recipients at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. The primary outcome investigated was liver graft survival following transplant surgery. Follow-up times varied from 0 days to 13 years, depending on the time of transplant and length of graft survival, with a median follow-up time of 6.2 years. Diagnoses of AA and AD predicted significantly poorer survival rates, while diagnoses of ALD did not. DSM-IV-TR alcoholism criteria appear to have greater utility for predicting survival differences beyond pathophysiologically defined alcoholic liver failure.