老化对睡眠依赖性记忆巩固的影响

随着老化的发生和发展, 老年人的睡眠和记忆问题变得越来越突出。研究显示老年人针对程序性记忆的睡眠依赖性巩固能力受损, 而针对陈述性记忆的睡眠依赖性巩固研究结果尚存分歧。此外, 患有神经退行性疾病的老年人在正常老化的基础上伴有情景记忆睡眠依赖性巩固能力受损。未来研究应考虑同步采集脑电和脑成像数据, 探索增龄通过睡眠影响记忆的神经通路, 尝试搭建老化、睡眠以及记忆三因素的交互模型, 并从睡眠对记忆巩固影响的角度提出针对老年人记忆问题的干预措施。     

基于知觉的恐惧泛化的认知神经机制

恐惧泛化是条件性恐惧反应转移到另一个相似但安全的刺激的现象。适当的恐惧泛化对人类有积极意义, 而过度的恐惧泛化则不利于个体有效地适应环境。基于知觉的恐惧泛化研究揭示了恐惧泛化的规律, 因而被广泛应用。本文首先梳理了对知觉恐惧泛化的相关研究, 介绍恐惧泛化的经典理论基础—巴普洛夫条件反射以及恐惧泛化梯度; 其次简要回顾基于多个感觉通道(即视觉、听觉、情景)的知觉恐惧泛化研究现状; 再次, 分别对海马、杏仁核、脑岛和前额叶等脑区在恐惧泛化中的作用进行回顾, 进一步总结出恐惧泛化的神经环路结构模型。最后, 简要区分了基于知觉的恐惧泛化和正在兴起的基于概念的恐惧泛化, 进而指出未来研究需要结合基于概念的恐惧泛化、区分被试对刺激的辨别力、增加恐惧刺激材料的准确性及多样化、结合激素等个体差异和多模态脑成像数据来展开。     

不同性质的评价对特质焦虑者抑制功能影响的ERP研究

特质焦虑者作为焦虑障碍易感性个体,会表现出对威胁性刺激的注意偏向,从而损害中央执行系统的抑制功能。但是不同情绪性评价刺激会如何调控特质焦虑者的抑制功能还不太清楚。为此,本研究以脑电P3b为抑制功能指标,要求高低特质焦虑组在三种不同评价下完成反向眼跳范式,考察不同性质的评价如何影响特质焦虑的抑制功能。行为结果发现,高焦虑组比低焦虑组错误率更高;积极评价条件下,高焦虑组的反应时慢于低焦虑组。ERP结果进一步发现,无评价条件下,高焦虑组的P3b波幅大于低焦虑组;低焦虑者在积极评价条件下的P3b波幅大于消极评价条件,但是高焦虑者没有显著差异。结果表明,积极评价会损害高特质焦虑者的抑制功能,而消极评价则促进了高特质焦虑个体的抑制功能。     

Sociocultural Predictors of Physical Appearance Concerns among Adolescent Girls and Young Women from China

This research assessed the extent to which sociocultural predictors of body dissatisfaction implicated in Western studies extend to the prediction of physical appearance concerns among young women and adolescent girls in Southwest China. In Study 1, 408 Chinese university-age women completed measures of fatness concern (FC), facial appearance concerns (FAC), sociocultural influence (i.e., appearance pressure, comparison, teasing), and demographics. In hierarchical regression analyses, appearance pressure and comparison predicted both FC and FAC, independent of other factors. In Study 2, effects of appearance pressure and comparison were replicated among middle school (n = 346) and high school (n = 563) girls. Together, findings suggest that appearance pressure and social comparison correspond with specific body image concerns of young females in China.     

视觉归纳概括的加工机制与策略

给22名被试呈现若干组在外形与纹路上变化的电池图片,要求指出何种类型的电池有电.结果发现,被试会快速觉察电池的共享特征并概括出一般性的结论.如若电池间无共享特征,被试则需较长时间才给出"无法概括"的反应.共享纹路时,被试在"共享-无干扰"条件下的反应明显快于 "共享- 有干扰"条件下的反应,体现出假设形成与验证的过程.共享特征为外形的反应时短于共享特征为纹路的反应时 ,这说明被试在任务中采用的是整体优先的加工策略.     

北京市流动儿童自尊的发展特点及其与学业行为、师生关系的相关研究

以北京市1018名流动儿童和319名城市儿童为被试,用问卷法,考察北京市流动儿童自尊的发展特点,并探讨学业行为、师生关系对流动儿童自尊的影响.结果表明:(1)流动儿童的自尊发展水平存在显著的年级差异;(2)流动儿童的自尊发展水平显著低于城市儿童,两者在高分组(＞41)和低分组(＜28)所占比例分别为39.8%、60.2%和92.7%、7.3%,差异显著;(3)流动儿童的自尊发展水平存在显著的校际差异,混合公立学校流动儿童的自尊发展水平显著高于打工子弟学校的流动儿童;(4)流动儿童的自尊与学业行为、师生关系的各维度均有显著相关,学业行为中的学习效能感、学习自信心和师生关系中的低冲突性、支持性、关系满意度可以显著预测流动儿童的自尊发展水平.     

中学教师的工作满意度状况及其相关因素

采用"明尼苏达满意度问卷(MSQ)",对北京地区有代表性的5所中学557名教师的工作满意度状况进行了调查,结果表明,中学教师对工作总体上是满意的;人口统计学变量中的年龄、学历、职称、职务等在工作满意度具有显著的差异,但是性别因素的差异不大.     

Characterizing the motivational orientation of students in higher education: A naturalistic study in three Hong Kong universities

Background . Consideration of motivation in higher education has often been drawn upon theories and research that were based upon school or workplace studies. Aims . This paper reports an open naturalistic study to better characterize the motivational orientation of students in higher education. Method . Open semi‐structured individual interviews were conducted with 36 students from three universities in Hong Kong. The analysis used an exploratory grounded theory approach. Results . Motivation was characterized as a framework with six continua with positive and negative poles. On enrolment, students had positions on the six facets of motivation, which shifted as they progressed through their degree, according to perceptions of their teaching and learning environment. The positive poles of the six continua were given labels: compliance, individual goal setting, interest, career, sense of belonging and university lifestyle. Conclusion . The formulation of motivational orientation is consistent with contemporary social cognitive theories of motivation in that it has been characterized as a multifaceted phenomenon, with students expressing context‐dependent multiple motives.     

Locus of control and home mortgage loan behaviour

The present study investigated the impact of locus of control on home mortgage loan behaviours. The results showed that participants with stronger external control were more likely to purchase a lower priced home, have a lower ratio of mortgage loan amount to the total home value, and have a shorter term of mortgage loan. Moreover, among participants who have owned a home, those not using mortgage loans showed more external control than those using mortgage loans; among participants who have not owned a home but want to buy a home, those not planning to use mortgage loans showed more external control than those planning to use mortgage loans.     

负面身体自我女性对身体信息的记忆偏向： 来自ERP研究的证据

采用事件相关电位（ERPs）技术探讨了负面身体自我女性（大学生）对胖-瘦两类身体图片进行再认时的脑内时程动态变化。结果发现,相对于控制组（正常女大学生）,胖负面身体自我女大学生在750~800ms的时间窗口内,“胖图”比“瘦图”诱发出一个更正的ERP波形,差异波的地形图显示该正成分在中前部有更强的激活。进一步对差异波作偶极子溯源分析,结果发现,该正成分主要起源于右侧枕叶附近。这似乎表明,右侧枕叶的激活与身体自我信息的出现有关,与负面身体自我图式的体验有关