贫困与反贫困：心理学的研究

局部繁荣下的贫困问题已成为当今世界面临的最大挑战,理解贫困以及与贫困有关的心理模型和决策过程、并促进人类的幸福与公正,是心理学家的一项重要使命。文章旨在阐明心理学在理解贫困和减贫工作中的角色,并对贫困心理学的研究思路、贫困归因的测量方法及其影响因素作一介绍。最后,在总结成就与问题的基础上,建议未来的贫困心理学应对特殊的目标群体做更多关注,并发展更可靠的测量方法,挖掘更多影响贫困心理的人格、社会因素     

Site preference of refractory elements in γ′-Ni3Al alloyed with Ru

The influence of ruthenium (Ru) on the partitioning behavior of W, Re and Cr in γ′-Ni₃Al has been studied using the Dmol3 method based on the density functional theory. The calculated results show that W, Re and Cr have a preference for the Ni site in γ′-Ni₃Al alloyed with Ru. When Ru substitutes the central Ni atom, the site preference for W, Re and Cr varies. Furthermore, an electronic structure analysis of the alloy in terms of the Mulliken population and partial density of states was performed to elucidate the alloying mechanism of Ru in γ′-Ni₃Al. The results show that the strengthening effect of Ru in the alloy arises from a reduction in the binding energy of Ru as well as p-orbital hybridization between Ru and the host atoms.     

高低情感开放性者概率内隐序列学习进程差异

大五人格情感开放性子量表(openness/feeling)能否预测内隐序列学习的问题存在争议。本研究采用概率性内隐序列学习范式, 比较高低情感开放性者在各反应刺激间隔(response stimulus interval, 即RSI)的差异。发现：(1) RSI = 0 ms和250 ms, 高分组在转移组块后习得高概率序列, RSI = 500 ms及以上在其之前习得; 所有RSI点低分组都在其之前习得。每个RSI点只有高分组习得低概率序列。证明随RSI增加两者内隐进程有本质差异, openness/feeling子量表可预测内隐序列学习个体差异。(2)低概率序列可作为测量概率性内隐序列学习及个体差异的新指标, 经典转移组块、再认、生成任务的测量效果却十分有限。     

论弗洛伊德的焦虑理论

精神分析是最早研究焦虑的心理学流派,精神分析学派创始人弗洛伊德对焦虑有深刻而系统的论述。但受其时代背景和独特的研究视角影响,其焦虑理论仍然存在可修正之处。     

国际比较中的中国人口老龄化变动特征

本文在全球人口老龄化的背景下,从国际比较的视角,描述了21世纪上半叶中国人口老龄化的特征,与发达国家和发展中国家相比,这些特征既表现在老年人口的庞大数量上,也表现在老龄化的程度和加速上,同时还表现在上述变化趋势和特征是在较薄弱的社会经济条件下迅速展开的。因而,中国21世纪所面临的人口老龄化挑战将是前所未有的。     

关于大学生心理障碍干预模式的理论建构

本文在已有研究的基础上,根据大学生心理发展与心理素质的特点和不同心理学派的理论观点建构了大学生心理障碍干预模式,该模式由多维系统的干预途径、多样渗透的干预方法、丰富全面的干预工作内容和完善化人性化的干预机制组成,它们之间的关系既是独立的,又是相互协调和影响的。体现了大学生心理障碍干预模式的系统完整性及实施干预的灵活多样性和明确针对性。     

上下级工作冲突处理方式量表研究

本文目的是编制上下级工作冲突处理方式量表,探讨我国员工该行为方式的特点。根据开放式问卷调查结果和西方已有相关量表,构建量表题目,结合大五人格问卷简式版中宜人性分量表,有效测试了5家单位的254名员工。经探索性因素分析,获得退让、协调和对抗3个因素。检验结果表明该量表信度和效度达到心理测量学要求,体现了中国文化下上下级工作冲突处理方式的独特性。     

The relationship between person–team fit with supervisor–subordinate guanxi and organizational justice in a Chinese state‐owned enterprise

The study examines how subordinates’ perceptions of justice in Chinese working teams are influenced by the person–team fit (or the misfit) of the supervisor–subordinate guanxi (SSG). We tested our hypotheses on a sample of 1,086 employees from 149 work groups in one state‐owned enterprise; using a combination of cross‐level polynomial regression and response surface analysis. The results showed that subordinates’ perceptions of justice, in terms of procedural, interactional, and distributive justice, were higher when individual SSG was congruent with the average SSG in the team (TSSG) at a high level than when an individual SSG was congruent with TSSG at a low level. Meanwhile, in the misfit situation, subordinates’ perceptions of the three dimensions of justice were higher when the individual SSG relative to TSSG (relative SSG, or RSSG) was surplus (individual SSG exceeded TSSG) versus RSSG deficient (TSSG exceeded individual SSG). Nevertheless, the subordinates’ perceptions of distributive justice were the highest when SSG and TSSG were almost equal in high level, as observed by integrating the fit with the misfit line. These findings highlight the important boundary cultural conditions of the psychological processes of justice and provide useful insights for international managers conducting their business in China.     

The impact of traditionality/modernity on identification‐ and calculus‐based trust

We conducted three studies to explore how trust is perceived, displayed or changed by participants in China, which as a country has undergone substantial cultural and historical transition. Traditionality showed a significant positive correlation with identification‐based trust (IBT) and modernity was significantly associated with calculus‐based trust (CBT; Study 1). Compared to those primed with modern Chinese culture stimuli, participants primed with traditional icons exhibited a higher level of IBT and a lower level of CBT (Study 2). The study further demonstrated more trust behaviour based on identification with traditional culture priming and more trust behaviour based on calculus when primed with modern culture (Study 3). In sum, the present findings suggest that, along with substantial social changes and economic development, people exhibit their trust differently depending on cultural context, shedding light on the trust crisis in contemporary China.