竞争情境、认知风格对学生运算性程序知识学习迁移的影响

研究竞争情境对不同性别、认知风格学生运算性程序知识学习迁移的影响。结果发现：1对于不同类型的迁移题,竞争对不同认知风格学生的学习迁移有不同的影响。其表现为：对于同型题,场独立倾向学生在竞争情境下的迁移成绩要显著高于非竞争情境,场依存倾向学生在竞争情境下的学习成绩明显低于非竞争情境。对于近迁移和远迁移题,场独立和场依存倾向学生迁移成绩差异不显著;2对于不同类型的迁移题,竞争对不同性别学生的学习迁移具有不同影响。其表现为：对于远迁移题,在非竞争情境下,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异不显著;在竞争情境下,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异显著,男生的成绩要明显优于女生;对于同型题和近迁移题,男生和女生的迁移成绩差异不显著。     

行为抑制的认知神经基础:基于两种行为抑制任务范式的差异分析

Go/no go任务与stop signal任务是行为抑制研究中两个常用的任务。本文从任务所涉及的认知过程,各自的理论基础以及任务操作所激活的大脑神经网络这三个方面对这两个任务进行比较,阐明这两个任务涉及的是两种类型的行为抑制:优势反应抑制与反应停止。     

线索效度间隔对“采纳最佳”启发式的影响

以Br?觟der的“五线索二择一”任务为研究范式,探讨线索效度间隔对“采纳最佳”启发式的影响。结果发现：当线索效度间隔为0.04时,被试采用“采纳最佳”启发式的次数处于随机水平,随着线索效度间隔的增大,被试采用“采纳最佳”启发式的次数明显高于随机水平;对立线索信息不同,线索效度间隔对“采纳最佳”启发式的影响也不同。     

科学知识社会学相对主义知识观批判

“The Strong Programme” is put forward as a metaphysical theory of sociology by the Edinburgh School (SSK) to study the social causes of knowledge. Barry Barnes and David Bloor are the proponents of the School. They call their programme “the Relativist View of Knowledge” and argue against rationalism in the philosophy of science. Does their relativist account of knowledge present a serious challenge to rationalism, which has dominated 20th century philosophy of science? I attempt to answer this question by criticizing the main ideas of SSK and defending rationalism theories in modern philosophy of science.     

关于证人证词可靠性的研究

证人的错误证词是导致错误判案的重要原因,因此如何鉴定证人证词的可靠性,从中去伪存真,对司法实践具有非常重大的意义。为此本文从情境、个体心理、社会心理三个方面分析影响成年证人证词可靠性的因素,并在此基础上探究应该采取何种措施来提高证词的可靠性与准确性。     

Demographic variables, smoking variables, and outcome across five studies.

OBJECTIVE: Intervention effectiveness can potentially be affected by membership in different demographic subgroups (race, ethnicity, gender, age, and education level) or smoking behavior variables (time to first cigarette, longest previous quit attempt, number of attempts in the past year, number of cigarettes, and stage of change). Previous research on these 2 sets of variables has produced mixed results. DESIGN: This secondary data analysis combined data from 5 effectiveness trials (a random-digit-dial sample [N=1,358], members of an HMO [N=207], parents of students recruited for a school-based study [N=347], patients from an insurance provider list [N=535], and employees [N=175]) in which smokers were all proactively recruited from a defined population and all received the same expert system intervention. The intervention produced a consistent 22% to 26% point prevalence cessation rate across the 5 studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measures were 24-hr point prevalence, 7-day point prevalence, 30-day prolonged abstinence, and 6-month prolonged abstinence. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in outcome across gender, race, and ethnicity subgroups. There were significant differences and small effect sizes for age and education subgroups. There were significant differences and large effect sizes for all 5 smoking behavior variables. DISCUSSION: Demographic variables are static variables, whereas the smoking variables are more dynamic, that is, open to change. Given the dynamic nature of the smoking variables and the large effect sizes, interventions tailored on the smoking variables should be more successful.     

慢性应激对大鼠行为和免疫细胞热休克蛋白70表达的影响

目的：研究慢性不确定应激对大鼠急性整体热水浴后外周血和脾脏免疫细胞热休克蛋白70（Heat shock protein 70, HSP70）表达的影响。方法：随机将大鼠分成慢性应激组和控制组（每组14只）。通过4周的慢性不确定性应激诱发实验组大鼠明显的抑郁行为,此期间控制组大鼠正常饲养。随后给予大鼠42度整体热水浴刺激,维持直肠温度41度25min。热刺激后6h,采用流式细胞仪测定大鼠外周血和脾脏免疫细胞HSP70 水平。结果：与控制组大鼠相比,慢性应激大鼠在急性热刺激后HSP70合成明显减少。控制组大鼠的所有被检测的免疫细胞热应激后HSP70合成均明显增加。相反,慢性应激大鼠仅在外周血的单核细胞和粒细胞检测到HSP70合成增加,同时升高的水平明显低于控制组大鼠。结论：慢性应激降低大鼠免疫细胞HSP70的热诱导反应,提示HSP70保护性作用减弱可能参与了慢性应激损害免疫细胞功能的生物学过程     

人到底从哪里来的？（三）

本文基于几种关于人之由来的说法出发，从科学角度回答“人不是神造的”这一问题。考察了近百年来人类化石发现过程，以及现代考古学、古人类学对人类起源与进化的科学分析，并以现代生物学对人体器官进化的研究成果，最终得出“人是进化的产物”的结论。     

Sender Demeanor: Individual Differences in Sender Believability Have a Powerful Impact on Deception Detection Judgments

Sender demeanor is an individual difference in the believability of message senders that is conceptually independent of actual honesty. Recent research suggests that sender demeanor may be the most influential source of variation in deception detection judgments. Sender demeanor was varied in five experiments (N = 30, 113, 182, 30, and 35) to create demeanor–veracity matched and demeanor–veracity mismatched conditions. The sender demeanor induction explained as much as 98% of the variance in detection accuracy. Three additional studies (N = 30, 113, and 104) investigated the behavioral profiles of more and less believable senders. The results document the strong impact of sender effects in deception detection and provide an explanation of the low‐accuracy ceiling in the previous findings.