The state of order in Fe–Al studied by precession electron diffraction

Precession electron diffraction (PED) has been carried out on a fully ordered Fe–40at.%Al solid solution in order to explore its suitability for determining the state of order. The integrated intensity ratio of a superlattice reflection with respect to a fundamental reflection was measured as a function of the sample thickness and the results are well fitted by dynamical simulations. It is proposed that, in addition to conventional X-ray diffraction, PED may provide access to the state of order at microscopic and nanoscopic scales.     

组织中的政治技能及相关研究

政治技能是个体在工作中影响他人以实现组织目标的能力,对个体的工作绩效和某些工作态度、缓解工作中压力带来的紧张感等具有一定的作用。个体的洞察力、控制、亲和力、主动影响及发展经验被视为政治技能的影响因素,通过实践练习、替代学习等方法可实现政治技能的培训和开发。在未来的研究中,对政治技能概念的理解、测量多源性等方面的问题还需要进一步的探讨     

中国人眼光谱相对视亮度函数的研究——Ⅲ.不同大小视野对V(λ)的影响

本实验采用闪烁光度法。本实验的视野是7°40′和20′,受试者5人,均属色觉正常者。年龄在30至50岁之间,具有一定实验经验。实验波长从420—700nm,其间隔为20nm,实验的亮度级为30cd/m~2。 四种视野相比较,其中2°视野V(λ)曲线引自明视函数,10°视角的材料来自CIE1964年补充标准观察者?10(λ),其结果:峰值的短波一侧随着视野的增加V(λ)值显著增加,而在峰值的长波一侧则无显著变化。     

青少年早期攻击和违纪行为的关系：受欢迎度的调节作用

以1755名初中一年级青少年为被试考察青少年早期个体攻击和违纪行为之间的关系,并对受欢迎度的调节作用进行了检验。结果表明,（1）在青少年早期,身体攻击能正向预测违纪行为,而关系攻击不能。（2）个体的受欢迎度能够调节身体攻击与违纪行为间的关系,具体表现为身体攻击对不受欢迎个体违纪行为的影响比对受欢迎个体的影响更大。     

Islamic Doctrinal Orthodoxy and Religious Orientations: Scale Development and Validation

A measure of Islamic doctrinal orthodoxy was developed, and its relation to personal religious activities was examined. This study also applied the concept of extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religiosity to Islamic faith as it investigated the structural validity and internal consistency of Islamic versions of the religious orientation scales. A sample of 381 students was taken from three universities in Indonesia. Notably, the scales were found to be psychometrically adequate and their doctrinal orthodoxy and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity scores significantly related to personal practice of religious activities. A subsequent analysis also revealed that, for Muslims, doctrinal beliefs are largely independent of extrinsic, intrinsic, and quest religiosity and that the three forms of religiosity are three autonomous but continuous dimensions of personal religiosity.     

Evidence for a detrimental relationship between hypertension history, prospective memory, and prefrontal cortex white matter in cognitively normal older adults

Hypertension affects many older adults and is associated with impaired neural and cognitive functioning. We investigated whether a history of hypertension was associated with impairments to prospective memory, which refers to the ability to remember to perform delayed intentions, such as remembering to take medication. Thirty-two cognitively normal older adult participants with or without a history of hypertension (self-reported) performed two laboratory prospective memory tasks, one that relied more strongly on executive control (nonfocal prospective memory) and one that relied more strongly on spontaneous memory retrieval processes (focal prospective memory). We observed hypertension-related impairments for nonfocal, but not focal, prospective memory. To complement our behavioral approach, we conducted a retrospective analysis of available structural magnetic resonance imaging data. Lower white matter volume estimates in the anterior prefrontal cortex were associated with lower nonfocal prospective memory and with a history of hypertension. A history of hypertension may be associated with worsened executive control and lower prefrontal white matter volume. The translational implication is that individuals who must remember to take antihypertensive medications and to monitor their blood pressure at home may be impaired in the executive control process that helps to support these prospective memory behaviors.     

双重立义、机械力与能力——论胡塞尔实践世界的触觉基础

胡塞尔的触觉观是常常遭到忽视的一个主题。提到现象学直观,一般会将其与视觉联系起来。但在胡塞尔的诸多文献中,视觉与触觉经常成对出现,而且他认为触觉是元感觉场,强调触感知相对于视感知的优先性,进而将触摸行为视作实践活动的基础。不过,胡塞尔的这些表述大多是零散、不完善的。本文将通过触觉的双重立义特征来探讨其元感觉场地位,引出其作为元实践场的意涵;然后着眼于元实践区域中对象和主体两个维度的原初显现,将触觉优先性放入机械力和能力如何被给予和类比的问题中进行解释,以此对触觉在实践中的基础地位做一个新的系统性阐发。     

Contextualization in Perspective

In this article, we examine the hypothesis that problem comprehension and computational processes interact during the solving of an arithmetic word problem. Two experiments tested subjects on a series of addition and subtraction word problems, the content of which varied on the basis of problem type and on the magnitude of the numbers involved (problem size). Performance data are presented and analyzed in terms of solution reaction times and error patterns. Results confirmed the main effects of problem size and problem type as factors determining reaction times but failed to show any significant interaction between the two factors. These results suggest that the cognitive processes involved in understanding an arithmetic word problem and in performing the required computations are best explained by a serial processing model. The absence of an interaction between problem comprehension and computational processes questions the notion that automatized retrieval facilitates problem solving and assertions suggesting that increasing computational requirements can interfere with problem-solving performance.     

Electrolytic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus disrupt renewal of conditional fear after extinction

There is a growing body of evidence that the hippocampus is critical for context-dependent memory retrieval. In the present study, we used Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats to examine the role of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) in the context-specific expression of fear memory after extinction (i.e., renewal). Pre-training electrolytic lesions of the DH blunted the expression of conditional freezing to an auditory conditional stimulus (CS), but did not affect the acquisition of extinction to that CS. In contrast, DH lesions impaired the context-specific expression of extinction, eliminating the renewal of fear normally observed to a CS presented outside of the extinction context. Post-extinction DH lesions also eliminated the context dependence of fear extinction. These results are consistent with those using pharmacological inactivation of the DH and suggest that the DH is required for using contextual stimuli to regulate the expression of fear to a Pavlovian CS after extinction.     

药物不良反应补偿体系国际比较研究

药品在治疗疾病过程中有着不可或缺的作用,但药品在使用过程中也往往容易发生药物不良反应,并造成患者很重的经济负担,很多国家都针对药品不良反应建立救济保险制度。从基金筹资、补偿制度、管理等角度对国际上几个国家的药物不良反应补偿体系进行分析,以期我们在建立自己相应的药物不良反应补偿体系时有所借鉴。