道教术数与传统数学思想考析

南宋著名数学家秦九韶有一句名言“数与道非二本”,很早就注意到自然界的数量关系与天地自然之道的本质联系。道门人士对天地之道的积极探寻,必然会涉及自然之道的数量关系和空间形式,从而在数学领域有所建树。本文从道教术数与传统数学思想这一视角对此作一些尝试性解读与探索,分析探讨了道教重视术数、关注数学的内在原因,并指明研究道教数学思想的学术价值。     

认同理论视角下新员工组织社会化的定义及结构维度

组织社会化研究一直以来被批评缺少理论基础, 导致对组织社会化的本质和结构维度缺乏足够认识, 从而影响到在实证中如何测量员工组织社会化的程度。角色认同理论和社会认同理论可以为该研究提供理论基础。在对概念重新进行理论界定的基础上, 揭示了组织社会化本质是新员工角色及社会认同发展的过程。相应地, 组织社会化程度是一个两维度结构。未来研究应以此为基础进一步发展组织社会化量表和理论模型, 并依据认同理论改进实证研究方法。     

意识思维和无意识思维对复杂决策的影响

以大学生为被试,以汽车作为实验材料,通过对12条汽车属性信息的操纵,设置出四款优差不同的汽车。通过对汽车的优差选择,探察在属性信息逐条呈现的情况下,有意识思维与无意识思维对复杂决策的影响。研究结果表明:在反应时上,无意识思维下的决策时间要比有意识思维下的决策时间长;在选择的正确率上,有意识思维决策的结果要优于无意识思维决策的结果;在信息回忆量上,有意识思维决策的回忆量要多于无意识思维决策的回忆量,这与无意识思维理论是相违背的。     

程序公正的测量及研究操纵

程序公正是指处理管理事务所依据的原则是否公正。普遍认可的程序公正原则包括一致性、避免偏见、准确性、可修正、代表性、道德与伦理原则。程序公正研究主要有测量和实验操纵两种研究范式。对程序公正的测量主要以单维为主,亦有少数多维测量量表;对程序公正的实验操纵主要以发言权为主,有少数研究对准确性、无偏性或综合几项原则进行操纵。未来研究应考虑程序公正的结构问题,对程序公正的操纵范围进行扩展、操纵方法考虑情景性,还需关注程序公正与程序不公正的差异。     

Deconstructing antenatal depression: What is it that matters for neonatal behavioral functioning?

This prospective study examined the variability within clinical characteristics of antenatal maternal depression and cortisol levels for associations with newborn infant behavior using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS; T.B. Brazelton, 1984 ). Participants were 81 pregnant women at risk for perinatal depression given their histories of depression prior to pregnancy. We took into consideration not only whether the woman experienced antenatal depression but also whether the depression met diagnostic criteria and variability in timing (onset and occurrence) of antenatal depression and symptom severity. Infants of mothers who became depressed during pregnancy scored less optimally on a subset of the NBAS scales, specifically those scales related to infant neuroregulation. Among the clinical characteristics of depression, the fetus' overall exposure to mothers' depression (reflected in the mean) was most often and most strongly associated with NBAS scales. In terms of timing, third‐trimester exposure was significantly related to newborn behavior. The findings are discussed within the S.H. Goodman and I.H. Gotlib ( 1999 ) model for transmission of psychopathology to offspring of depressed mothers.     

工作越轨行为的结构与组织公民行为的关系：一项实证检验

新近出现的绩效结构理论认为员工绩效包括角色内行为、组织公民行为和工作越轨行为三种类型。然而在后两种行为的关系上,当前研究者还未达成一致意见。文章综合采用三种方式证实了组织公民行为和工作越轨行为是两种完全不同的行为类型,而不是一种行为的两种性质不同的表现,从而为三维绩效模型的合理性提供了间接支持。在此基础上,研究还证实了工作越轨行为中两种成分（组织越轨和人际越轨）的不同。文章最后对研究结果进行了讨论,并指出了未来研究方向。     

Generalized full-information item bifactor analysis

Full-information item bifactor analysis is an important statistical method in psychological and educational measurement. Current methods are limited to single-group analysis and inflexible in the types of item response models supported. We propose a flexible multiple-group item bifactor analysis framework that supports a variety of multidimensional item response theory models for an arbitrary mixing of dichotomous, ordinal, and nominal items. The extended item bifactor model also enables the estimation of latent variable means and variances when data from more than 1 group are present. Generalized user-defined parameter restrictions are permitted within or across groups. We derive an efficient full-information maximum marginal likelihood estimator. Our estimation method achieves substantial computational savings by extending Gibbons and Hedeker's (1992) bifactor dimension reduction method so that the optimization of the marginal log-likelihood requires only 2-dimensional integration regardless of the dimensionality of the latent variables. We use simulation studies to demonstrate the flexibility and accuracy of the proposed methods. We apply the model to study cross-country differences, including differential item functioning, using data from a large international education survey on mathematics literacy.     

宗教心理学在临终关怀中的应用

宗教心理学有助于缓解临终患者的痛苦,但应通过把握宗教共同精神而非具体程序,将天堂和神两大要素剥离后,在合理范围有条件地使用。东西方主流宗教心理特点不同,西方主流宗教不适合我国国情。本土儒教和道教不能有效满足临终关怀应用前提,而大小乘佛教创造性结合后的心理模式或更适合在临终关怀中使用,更适应我国国情。     

中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制:来自眼动方面的证据

该研究通过记录读者自然阅读中的眼动过程,对比考察了中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制事件。结果发现:(1)跳读事件并不影响眼跳前注视的持续时间,说明阅读过程中的眼跳计划被同时制定;(2)在一定范围内,眼跳幅度越大,跳读后注视的持续时间越长,这反映了基本的预视效应;(3)中文阅读中存在返回抑制现象,但这个现象产生的基本依据是低级的空间线索,而非词汇语义单元。