成人依恋风格的结构探索

为明确成人依恋风格的潜在结构,采用成人依恋问卷对203名大一新生进行测量,通过因子分析、潜在剖面分析以及潜类别因子分析分别对数据进行分析,并对分析结果进行对比。结果表明:2因子模型优于单因子模型,4类别模型优于其他类别模型,3类别2因子模型优于其他潜类别因子模型;以上3个最优模型中,2因子模型优于4类别模型,4类别模型优于3类别2因子模型。因此成人依恋的潜在结构是连续的。     

Navigating through apertures: perceptual judgements and actions of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Passing through a narrow gap/aperture involves a perceptual judgement regarding the size of the gap and an action to pass through. Children with DCD are known to have difficulties with perceptual judgements in near space but whether this extends to far space is unknown. Furthermore, in a recent study it was found that adults with DCD do not scale movements when walking through an aperture in the same way as their peers. The current study, therefore, considered perceptual judgements and motor behaviour of children with DCD while looking at or walking through apertures. Twenty‐nine children with DCD and 29 typically developing (TD) children took part. In Experiment 1, participants completed a perceptual task, where they made passability judgements. Children with DCD showed a significantly smaller critical ratio (aperture size at which a participant first rotates the shoulders to pass through) compared to their TD peers. In Experiment 2, participants completed an action task where they walked through the same apertures. Children with DCD showed a significantly larger critical ratio than TD peers when body size alone was accounted for. Taken together these results suggest that perception within a static context is different from that within a dynamic context for children with DCD. However, despite this difference we have demonstrated a clear relationship between perception and action in children with DCD. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/SABXFrAJtF8     

归纳推论—演绎推论的不对称性在中国文化背景下的表现

归纳推论-演绎推论的不对称性是指人们在社会交往中会做出较多的归纳推论,而较少做出演绎推论,但这种社会推论倾向亦受到了文化及语言的影响.本研究目的是检验该现象在中国文化背景下的表现.采用Maass等人提出的研究范式,在一个实验中同时引发被试做出归纳和演绎两种推论,使用特别选取的特质形容词和相应的行为信息,用录音呈现实验材料.因变量为: (1)正确再认实际呈现过的材料; (2)正确拒绝没有呈现过的材料; (3)虚报没有呈现过的材料; (4)从已呈现的材料中做出推论的数量.统计被试做出各类反应的次数及反应时间.结果表明,中国被试并没有表现出对归纳推论的偏向,研究讨论了这一现象的文化影响.     

现代“四德”对传统美德承接点的探析

胡锦涛在党的十七大报告中提出了"加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设"的任务,同时又指出了"弘扬中华文化"的途径和方向.从传统美德中的"礼"、"忠"、"孝"、"仁"的蕴义里,挖掘其底蕴,利用其精髓,并以其作为现代"四德"的承接点,是加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德和个人品德建设的重要途径.     

自我解释的研究

本文从以下几个方面阐述了关于自我解释的研究,首先介绍了自我解释的研究背景,然后定义了自我解释,并且与其他学习活动进行了比较,随后从不同的研究视角揭示出自我解释效果,随即讨论了促进自我解释的方法,即提示自我解释,最后探讨了两种自我解释效果的认知机制：空缺填补假设和心理模型修补假设。     

Working memory selection and competition between target and distractor representations

A working memory selection task combining directed-forgetting and memory-scanning paradigms was used to test the hypothesis that difficulty in selecting target from distractor items in working memory depends on the competition between target and distractor representations, as is commonly assumed in perceptual selection research. Participants memorized two trigrams and were then cued to select one as the new memory set and forget the other. They later saw a test letter and made judgment as to whether the letter was in the selected trigram, i.e., the new memory set. Selection difficulty was examined by manipulating the type of selection cues and the time the cue could be utilized. While re-presenting the targets in the cue display facilitated selection, re-presenting distractors did not impede selection. The results suggest that working memory selection may depend more on the activation from representations of the target than of the distractor.     

R34D1NG W0RD5 W1TH NUMB3R5

Letter identities and number identities are usually thought to imply different cortical mechanisms. Specifically, the left fusiform gyrus responds more to letters than to digits (T. A. Polk et al., 2002). However, a widely circulated statement on the internet illustrates that it is possible to use numbers (leet digits) as parts of words, 4ND TH3 R35ULT1NG S3NT3NC3 C4N B3 R34D W1TH0UT GR34T 3FF0RT. Two masked priming lexical decision experiments were conducted to determine whether leet digits produce (automatic) lexical activation. Results showed that words are identified substantially faster when they are preceded by a masked leet word (M4T3R14L-MATERIAL) than when they are preceded by a control condition with other letters or digits. In addition, there was only a negligible advantage of the identity condition over the related leet condition. This leet-priming effect is not specific to numbers: A prime in which leet digits are replaced by letter-like symbols (M(Delta symbol)T(euro symbol)R!(Delta symbol)L - MATERIAL) facilitates word processing to the same degree as an identity prime. Therefore, the cognitive system regularizes the shape of the leet digits and letter-like symbols embedded in words with very little cost.     

Altered vision near the hands

The present study explored the manner in which hand position may affect visual processing. We studied three classic visual attention tasks (visual search, inhibition of return, and attentional blink) during which the participants held their hands either near the stimulus display, or far from the display. Remarkably, the hands altered visual processing: people shifted their attention between items more slowly when their hands were near the display. The same results were observed for both visible and invisible hands. This enhancement in vision for objects near the hands reveals a mechanism that could facilitate the detailed evaluation of objects for potential manipulation, or the assessment of potentially dangerous objects for a defensive response.     

NoA’s ark: Influence of the number of associates in visual word recognition

The main aim of this study was to explore the extent to which the number of associates of a word (NoA) influences lexical access, in four tasks that focus on different processes of visual word recognition: lexical decision, reading aloud, progressive demasking, and online sentence reading. Results consistently showed that words with a dense associative neighborhood (high-NoA words) were processed faster than words with a sparse neighborhood (low-NoA words), extending previous findings from English lexical decision and categorization experiments. These results are interpreted in terms of the higher degree of semantic richness of high-NoA words as compared with low-NoA words. 2008 Psychonomic Society, Inc. Author Note     

Resources Matter: Combined Influence of Job Demands and Job Control on Creative Process Engagement

Considerable research has been conducted on employee creativity, but it has generally focused on creative outcomes and rarely paid attention to employees’ engagement in creative processes, that is, creative process engagement. Further, job characteristics as antecedents are little understood. Drawing on the job demands-resources model and the conservation of resources theory, this study examines the relationship between challenge-hindrance demands and creative process engagement at different levels of job control. In total, 572 questionnaires from China were used to test our proposed model through hierarchical regression analysis. The results show that when job control is high, the effect of challenge demands on creative process engagement is U-shaped, while that of hindrance demands is negative. When job control is low, both challenge and hindrance demands are not related to creative process engagement.