结构式家庭治疗的理论及其应用评析

本文从结构式家庭治疗的产生背景出发,简要阐述了其建立的相关理论基础和其基本概念。并以结构式家庭治疗在实际运用中的实用性和有待解决的问题为思考点,对结构式家庭治疗的现实运用做了较全面的分析。     

Children can solve Bayesian problems: the role of representation in mental computation

Can children reason the Bayesian way? We argue that the answer to this question depends on how numbers are represented, because a representation can do part of the computation. We test, for the first time, whether Bayesian reasoning can be elicited in children by means of natural frequencies. We show that when information was presented to fourth, fifth, and sixth graders in terms of probabilities, their ability to estimate the Bayesian posterior probability was zero. Yet when the same information was presented in natural frequencies, Bayesian reasoning showed a steady increase from fourth to sixth grade, reaching an average level of 19, 39, and 53%, respectively, in two studies. Sixth graders' performance with natural frequencies matched the performance of adults with probabilities. But this general increase was accompanied by striking individual differences. More than half of the sixth graders solved most or all problems, whereas one third could not solve a single one. An analysis of the children's responses provides evidence for the use of three non-Bayesian strategies. These follow an overlapping wave model of development and continue to be observed in the minds of adults. More so than adults' probabilistic reasoning, children's reasoning depends on a proper representation of information.     

论理学对中国“画气”说的影响

中国画学中以气论画的传统可以追溯到六朝时期,而真正形成具有丰富理论内涵的画气说则在两宋。画气说的形成具有明显的哲学背景,北宋以来的理学思潮是画气说形成的最直接因素。本文认为,理学对画学理论中气论的影响主要集中在三个方面,一是为画气说提供一个有机论的基础,在气机哲学的影响下,中国画学将表现对象活泼生机作为根本目的,这突出体现在山水画和花鸟画中;二是从审美体验角度,中国画学形成了“以气合气”的独特创作思想;三是在绘画艺术形式上,气势论成为一引人注意的理论,六朝时的气韵生动理论获得了新的发展。     

中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系研究

本研究旨在探讨中小学教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点的关系。用教师职业倦怠问卷、工作压力调查表、自尊量表和控制点量表对766名教师进行了问卷调查。结果发现：教师的职业倦怠与工作压力、自尊和控制点之间存在显著的相关关系;教师的工作压力、自尊、控制点分别对职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、非人性化、低成就感具有显著的预测作用。     

中文阅读及发展性阅读障碍眼动研究新进展

中文阅读眼动特征的评估参数主要包括注视点停留位置、眼跳、回视和注视时间等。基于眼动技术,并结合生理技术,研究者已揭示出正常读者中文阅读的多方面特点和规律。但对发展性阅读障碍的眼动研究,国内还没有开展起来。从上述两个角度出发,这里总结了正常读者中文阅读的眼动研究,并探讨了发展性阅读障碍者的眼动特征及机制。     

Atomic geometry and energetics of carbon nanotube necking

Molecular mechanics simulations were performed to probe the incipient plastic deformation in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which involves nucleation of Stone–Wales (SW) defects and spiral glide of 5/7 dislocation dipoles that lead to quantized necking through a stepwise reduction in tube diameter. Quantification of the strain-dependent energetics of dislocation glide reveals that such dislocation motions are energetically favoured at high tensile strain. Pre-existing dislocations critically affect subsequent nucleation and separation of SW defects, as manifested by the competing deformation modes of symmetric versus asymmetric necking. The results provide a quantitative basis for the dislocation dynamics simulations of superplastically deformed CNTs.     

Electron microscopy of grain boundaries: An application to RE-Fe-B (RE = Pr or Nd) magnetic materials

Abstract

To study the grain boundaries of the technologically important RE_13.75Fe_80.25B₆ (RE = Pr or Nd) permanent magnets, we developed a new method using small-angle dark-field imaging based on inner-potential differences at the grain boundaries, combined with high-resolution electron microscopy and nanoscale chemical analysis. In both the Pr- and Nd-based melt-quenched die-upset magnets we consistently observed a very thin Fe-rich amorphized intergranular phase at the boundaries, and this finding may have an impact on our understanding of the coercivity mechanism of these materials. Although the value of the method was demonstrated for transition metal-rare earth intermetallics, it may also be applied to grain-boundary studies in other materials.     

Two different types of shear-deformation behaviour in Au–Cu multilayers

Localised shear deformation of a material is usually identified as a particular feature of deformation inhomogeneity. Here, we show two different types of shear deformation-behaviour that occurred in Au–Cu multilayers subjected to microindentation load, namely, a cooperative-layer-buckling-induced shear banding in a nanoscale multilayer and a direct localised shearing across a layer interface along a shear plane in a submicron-scale multilayer. Theoretical analysis indicates that the formation of the two different types of shear deformation in the multilayers depends on a competition between the dislocation-pile-up-induced stress concentration at the layer interface and the barrier strength of the layer interface for glissile dislocation transmission.     

Amorphization of TiNi induced by high-pressure torsion

Using high-resolution electron microscopy, we investigated the initial stages of high-pressure-torsion-induced crystalline-to-amorphous transformation of TiNi. It is found that the deformation-induced amorphization initiated from dislocation core regions in the interior of grains and from grain boundaries. It is believed that both the energy stored in the dislocations and the energy stored in the grain boundaries contribute significantly to driving the crystalline-to-amorphous transformation.     

Study of γ/γ′ interfacial width in a nickel-based superalloy by scanning transmission electron microscopy

The γ/γ′ interfaces are thought to play an important role in determining the mechanical properties in single-crystal nickel-based superalloys. In this article, interfacial width in DD6, one second-generation single-crystal superalloy containing 2 wt% Re, has been studied by means of scanning transmission electron microscopy. From an atomic resolution high angle annular dark field image, both compositional interfaces and order–disorder interfaces are studied, and it is first found that the interfacial width of chemical composition is same with that between the ordered and disordered phases.