2009年宗教界人士迎春茶话会在全国政协礼堂举行

1月21日上午,中共中央统战部、全国政协民族和宗教委员会、国家宗教事务局在全国政协礼堂举行2009年宗教界人士迎春茶话会.全国政协副主席兼秘书长钱运录出席茶话会,并与全国性宗教团体负责人进行了亲切交谈,希望宗教界人士在新的一年里积极参政议政、建言献策,进一步发挥宗教界在促进经济社会发展中的积极作用.     

米切姆工程设计伦理思想评析

工程活动的核心在于工程设计,从而有必要从工程设计的视角研究工程活动中的伦理问题.工程设计自身存在着"理想化危险"的伦理困境,而工程设计作为一种自洽的"游戏"同样也对传统伦理学提出了挑战.因此,设计工程师有必要承担一种"考虑周全的义务",以便更好地处理工程设计与社会伦理之间的关系.     

解码"慈孝文化"

"文化密码"是一个民族的文化得以代代相传而成为"传统"的内在奥秘.解开"密码"才能把握和自觉地弘扬"传统".中华民族传统"慈孝文化"的文化密码,就是血缘亲情、"亲子之爱"以及内在于其中的亲情"双向交往"伦理关系的心理机制."慈孝文化"是父母与子女血缘真情("本")与道德规范("末")的统一;不要"弃其本而适其末",而应"崇本以举其末".要建设"和谐家庭",生活在现代社会的为人父母和为人子女都应该自觉这种基于血缘关系的人类"亲情"之爱,和基于父母与子女之间真情的"双向交往"机制的亲情关系.     

高中生不同类型的沉思对抑郁症状发展的中介作用

探讨不同类型的沉思对抑郁症状变化的中介作用及性别差异。用流调中心用抑郁量表和沉思反应量表等自评量表对512名高中生追踪调查3个月,用层次回归法分析数据。结果表明：（1）男、女生的抑郁情绪、强迫性冥思和反思不存在差异。（2）强迫性冥思对抑郁症状的变化起部分中介作用;反思与第二次抑郁症状不相关,不存在中介作用。（3）女生的强迫性冥思对抑郁症状的变化起部分中介作用;男生的强迫性冥思对抑郁症状变化不存在中介作用。结论不同类型的沉思对抑郁症状变化的中介作用是不同的,并且存在性别差异。     

汉语婴儿词汇学习的注意偏好

婴儿的动、名词词类学习存在跨文化差异,但是很少研究从注意偏好角度解释这类差异。本研究利用习惯化范式考察汉语婴儿在6-8个月和17-19个月时对事件中人物,动作和物体的区分。结果发现,6-8个月的婴儿仅能区分动作变化,对人物和物体无法区分,而17-19个月的婴儿对三类变化均可以区分。本研究提供了婴儿早期注意偏好发展的实验依据,同时为儿童早期单词获得提供了新的理论基础。     

学前儿童对疾病的认知

通过三个研究分别探查了教育条件不同的两组学前儿童能否以疾病这一生命现象为指标做出生物和非生物的本体区分;他们是否理解疾病的产生和康复不受心理意图控制;以及他们对疾病原因的认识。结果显示,3、4、5岁学前儿童在分类作业中的认知成绩随年龄逐渐提高,他们能够认识疾病不受意图控制。其对疾病原因的解释既不用意图也不用道德准则,而主要是从行为水平,表现出“朴素生物学”的认知,但其认知与成人的认知和科学的生物学概念有明显差距。教育条件影响儿童的疾病认知成绩     

不是“废除”，而要“完善和加强”

去年11月15日,中国科学院自然科学史所研究员宋正海通过电子邮件发出倡议信,题目是《不要让"伪科学"一词成为灭亡传统文化的借口》,     

Orientation unbound: Dissociation of identity and orientation under rapid serial visual presentation

Participants were shown rapid sequences of three letters, flanked by digits, each rotated 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees clockwise from upright. In Experiment 1, the participants tried to report the letter that matched the orientation of an arrow, presented either before (before task) or after (after task) the sequence. A third task (total task) required them to report all of the letters. Accuracy for individual letters was significantly better in the total task than in the before task, and better in the before task than in the after task, suggesting particular difficulty in binding orientation to identity. In Experiment 2, the participants were given letter probes and were asked to indicate the orientation of the probed letter. Although report was above chance, there were frequent illusory conjunctions. Since perception of orientation must depend on prior establishment of identity, our results suggest that orientation and identity may become unbound during processing and are held in parallel storage systems.     

Neurocognitive Functioning in AD/HD,Predominantly Inattentive and Combined Subtypes

The Predominantly Inattentive (PI) and Combined (CB) subtypes of AD/HD differ in cognitive tempo, age of onset, gender ratio, and comorbidity, yet a differentiating endophenotype has not been identified. The aim of this study was to test rigorously diagnosed PI, CB, and typical children on measures selected for their potential to reveal hypothesized differences between the subtypes in specific neurocognitive systems (anterior vs. posterior attentional systems) and processes (arousal vs. activation). Thirty-four CB and 26 PI children meeting full DSM-IV criteria for subtype both in school and at home, without confounding reading disability or emotional disorder, were enrolled along with 20 typically developing children. Neurocognitive functions measured included attention, inhibitory control, working memory, learning, and executive functions. Tasks included the Stroop, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Buschke Selective Reminding Test, ad the Tower of London (TOL), as well as instruments developed by Posner and Sternberg, and tasks assessing the impact on reaction time of [corrected] varying preparatory intervals and stimulus/response complexity. After co-varying for IQ, subtypes differed primarily on measures of impulsivity during tests of vigilance (CPT) and executive function (TOL), with the CB group showing greater impulsivity than both other groups. In addition, the PI group showed worse performance than CB and control groups on the WISC-III Processing Speed Index. Whether analyzed with or without an IQ co-variate, there was no support in the data for hypothesized differences between subtypes in functioning of the anterior vs. posterior attentional systems, nor in involvement of arousal vs. activation processes. The results indicate that the PI and CB subtypes are best differentiated by ratings, observations and tests of cognitive tempo and behavioral impulsivity. Neuropsychological methods have yet to identify critical neuropsychological [corrected] substrates of these differences.     

Action/Inaction and Regret: The Moderating Effect of Closeness1

Kahneman & Tversky (1982 ) demonstrated that actions are regretted more than inactions. It was conjectured that (a) when action shared the same closeness as inaction but was neither to approach nor to retreat the desired outcome, the action was seen as futile so that it would evoke stronger reactions of regret; and (b) closeness moderated the effect of action such that the effect was stronger when the acting target was closer to a good outcome, but weaker when the acting target was further away from a good outcome. A total of 5 regret‐triggering problems were presented to 150 undergraduates who rated actors' intensity of regret. The findings support that closeness is the moderator of the increased regret effect.