态度及其与行为模式述评

态度一直是社会心理学的核心问题,态度对于预测行为具有重要作用。本文阐述了态度的界定、态度的结构模型及态度预测行为模型的各种理论,在这些理论的基础上,提出了态度预测行为的另一模型。     

The Influence of Openness to Experience on Perceived Employee Creativity: The Moderating Roles of Individual Trust

In this paper, we explain the influence of co‐worker trust on the effect of employees' openness to experience on their perceptions of their own creativity. We surveyed 199 working professionals in Ireland and found that openness to experience was positively associated with both employees' perceptions of their radical creativity and incremental creativity. In addition, the relationship between openness to experience and incremental creativity was negatively moderated by cognition‐based trust in his or her co‐worker. In conclusion, we discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of our findings and highlight directions for future research.     

Acquisition of habitual visual attention and transfer to related tasks

Extensive research has shown that statistical learning affects perception, attention, and action control; however, few studies have directly linked statistical learning with the formation of habits. Evidence that learning can induce a search habit has come from location probability learning, in which people prioritize locations frequently attended to in the past. Here, using an alternating training–testing procedure, we demonstrated that the initial attentional bias arises from short-term intertrial priming, whereas probability learning takes longer to emerge, first reaching significance in covert orienting (measured by reaction times) after about 48 training trials, and in overt orienting (measured by eye movements) after about 96 training trials. We further showed that location probability learning is persistent after training is discontinued, by transferring from a letter search task to a scene search task—emulating another characteristic feature of habits. By identifying the onset of probability learning and investigating its task specificity, this study provides evidence that probability cuing can induce habitual spatial attention.     

作为效应的ERP研究

晚正成分能够反映不同效价和不同唤醒度的情绪。作为后悔的一种现象,作为效应是否与晚正成分具有关联是研究关心的问题。采用运气轮博弈的范式,记录与分析被试在“做”与“不做”决策下的ERPs。研究发现,决策结果的正误显著影响了FRN、P300和LPC的波幅大小。作为类别对FRN、P300和LPC波幅的影响受到不同决策结果的影响,在决策正确的条件下,作为类别对FRN、P300和LPC波幅不产生影响,而在决策错误的条件下,作为类别对FRN、P300和LPC波幅产生了显著的影响。结果表明作为效应不仅影响了FRN、P300的波幅,同时也影响了LPC的波幅,将来研究应进一步探明晚正成分与后悔的密切关联。     

社会支持与城市移民子女生活满意度：学校适应的中介作用

该研究以城市移民子女作为研究对象,主要探讨社会支持对城市移民子女生活满意度的影响及预测作用,以及学校适应在社会支持与生活满意度之间的作用机制。研究结果表明：1）社会支持、学校适应与城市移民子女的生活满意度均呈显著相关,社会支持对城市移民子女生活满意度具有显著的正向预测作用。2）学校适应在社会支持影响城市移民子女生活满意度中起部分中介作用,即社会支持可以直接影响生活满意度,也可以通过学校适应间接影响生活满意度。但社会支持对生活满意度的直接影响是最主要的影响路径。．     

Emotional reactions to scandals: When does moral character make a difference?

A scandal can evoke public outrage when it is widely publicized and involves an individual who is perceived to have a high level of cultural representativeness. Two experiments showed that when the scandalous target's moral character was highlighted, emotional responses towards the target were least negative when the scandal was widely circulated and when the target was seen as a representative of his culture. These results suggest that when a cultural symbol is implicated in a widely‐circulated scandal, the negative emotions directed towards the scandalous individual can be alleviated when the public remains confident in his or her commitment to morality.     

消费决策中羊群行为的心理机制

羊群行为是消费市场上的一种典型现象,它是指在不确定情境中,消费者模仿他人进行消费决策的行为。本研究通过模拟消费情境对消费者羊群行为的心理机制进行研究。研究1通过操纵观点的强弱研究消费者的信息加工方式。结果发现,消费者的羊群行为是消费者采用一致性启发式或能力启发式的结果。研究2进一步通过操纵群体内部的一致性程度考察两种启发式的作用条件。结果表明,在群体内部一致性程度高的情况下,消费者倾向于采用一致性启发式,与大众决策保持一致;在群体内部一致性低的情况下,消费者倾向于采用能力启发式,与专家的决策保持一致。     

Organization of visual short-term memory

The authors examined the organization of visual short-term memory (VSTM). Using a change-detection task, they reported that VSTM stores relational information between individual items. This relational processing is mediated by the organization of items into spatial configurations. The spatial configuration of visual objects is important for VSTM of spatial locations, colors, and shapes. When color VSTM is compared with location VSTM, spatial configuration plays an integral role because configuration is important for color VSTM, whereas color is not important for location VSTM. The authors also examined the role of attention and found that the formation of configuration is modulated by both top-down and bottom-up attentional factors. In summary, the authors proposed that VSTM stores the relational information of individual visual items on the basis of global spatial configuration.     

Child-Adolescent Suicidal Potential Index (CASPI): a screen for risk for early onset suicidal behavior

This study's purpose was to develop a reliable and valid self-report questionnaire, the Child-Adolescent Suicidal Potential Index (CASPI), to screen for risk for suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. Four hundred twenty-five child and adolescent psychiatric patients and nonpatients completed the CASPI and other research instruments to rate suicidal and assaultive behavior and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness. The 30-item CASPI involves 3 factors (anxious-impulsive depression, suicidal ideation or acts, family distress) that contributed to a unidimensional 2nd-order factor accounting for 59% of the total variance. Internal consistency (alpha) for the total score was .90, and test-retest reliability (ICC) for the total score was .76. Total score distinguished between children and adolescents with different severity of psychopathology and different levels of suicidal and assaultive behavior. Each of the 3 factors had different contributions to discriminating between levels of suicidal status. CASPI total score of 11 distinguished suicidal ideation or acts from nonsuicidal behavior, with sensitivity 70% and specificity 65%. CASPI total score positively correlated with symptom severity of depression, anxiety, and hopelessness.