"歷数"和"尚贤"与禅让说的兴起

尧舜禅让,古代以为信史。20世纪20年代,有学者提出异议,以为它只是一个传说,这传说是禅让思想的一部分,出自墨家的创造。揆诸史籍,可知,墨家的确传诵过尧举舜而立为天子的故事,对禅让说的传播有推波助澜的作用,但那只是出于宣传尚贤尚同主义的需要,为选官治官而设,并非严格意义上的禅让说。而在儒家,孔子早就盛赞尧舜;尧舜禅让以及与之直接相关的歷数观念在今本《论语》中又有明确反映,这个观念在从周公到孔子的儒家渊源中有着丰富的资源;儒家数观的实质是天命有德,儒家的天命有德思想可为禅让说提供直接的理论基础和前提,儒家的尊贤、墨家的尚贤,后世与“禅让”直接相关的新五德终始说,都可纳入其中。春秋战国时期禅让说的兴起,儒家有直接的关系。     

目击证人辨认研究

目击证人辨认对司法审判具有重要的意义,这使其成为心理学研究领域的热点之一。本文重点介绍了影响目击证人辨认准确性的因素,即估计者变量和系统变量,并分析了目击证人辨认研究的现存问题。     

Gibbs Samplers for Logistic Item Response Models via the Pólya–Gamma Distribution: A Computationally Efficient Data-Augmentation Strategy

Psychometrika - Fully Bayesian estimation of item response theory models with logistic link functions suffers from low computational efficiency due to posterior density functions that do not have...     

Big-five personality and BIS/BAS traits as predictors of career exploration: The mediation role of career adaptability

Based on career construction theory, the current research examined whether career adaptability mediates the relations of the personality traits (Five-Factor Model personality traits and behavioral inhibition and activation systems (BIS/BAS)) to career exploration behavior. Results from a survey in Chinese university students (N = 264) showed that career exploration correlated negatively with neuroticism, and positively with openness to experience, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and BAS. Results of regression analyses further showed that openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness and BAS served as the strongest predictors for career exploration. In addition, career adaptability was shown to be a key mediator for the relationships between personality traits and career exploration behavior. Career concern and career curiosity were the more important dimensions in the mediation model. These findings advance current understandings on how different personality traits predict career exploration behavior.     

Signaling Mechanisms Mediating BDNF Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus

Although recent studies indicate that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, the underlying signaling mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we have characterized the signaling events that mediate the BDNF modulation of high-frequency synaptic transmission. Mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K), and phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) are the three signaling pathways known to mediate neurotrophin signaling in other systems. In neonatal hippocampal slices, application of BDNF rapidly activated MAPK and PI3K but not PLC-γ. BDNF greatly attenuated synaptic fatigue at CA1 synapses induced by a train of high-frequency, tetanic stimulation (HFS). Inhibition of the MAPK and PI3K, but not PLC-γ, prevented the BDNF modulation of high-frequency synaptic transmission. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), a close relative of BDNF, did not activate MAPK or PI3K and had no effect on synaptic fatigue in the neonatal hippocampus. Neither forskolin, which activated MAPK but not PI3 kinase, nor ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), which activated PI3K but not MAPK, affected HFS-induced synaptic fatigue. Treatment of the slices with forskolin together with CNTF still had no effect on synaptic fatigue. Thus, although the activation of MAPK and PI3K is required, the two together are not sufficient to mediate the BDNF effect. Inhibition of new protein synthesis by anisomycin or cycloheximide did not prevent the BDNF effect. These data suggest that BDNF modulation of high-frequency transmission is independent of protein synthesis but requires MAPK and PI3K and yet another signaling pathway to act together in the hippocampus.     

Short-term and long-term attentional biases to frequently encountered target features

It has long been known that frequently occurring targets are attended better than infrequent ones in visual search. But does this frequency-based attentional prioritization reflect momentary or durable changes in attention? Here we observed both short-term and long-term attentional biases for visual features as a function of different types of statistical associations between the targets, distractors, and features. Participants searched for a target, a line oriented horizontally or vertically among diagonal distractors, and reported its length. In one set of experiments we manipulated the target’s color probability: Targets were more often in Color 1 than in Color 2. The distractors were in other colors. Participants found Color 1 targets more quickly than Color 2 targets, but this preference disappeared immediately when the target’s color became random in the subsequent testing phase. In the other set of experiments, we manipulated the diagnostic values of the two colors: Color 1 was more often a target than a distractor; Color 2 was more often a distractor than a target. Participants found Color 1 targets more quickly than Color 2 targets. Importantly, and in contrast to the first set of experiments, the featural preference was sustained in the testing phase. These results suggest that short-term and long-term attentional biases are products of different statistical information. Finding a target momentarily activates its features, inducing short-term repetition priming. Long-term changes in attention, on the other hand, may rely on learning diagnostic features of the targets.     

文化的差异、错位与冲突——谢和耐《中国与基督教——中西文化的首次撞击》再读

谢和耐在《中国与基督教》一书中,运用大量的历史资料揭示明末清初中国文化和基督宗教首次真正的交流的意义。谢氏强调的相对独立发展起来的两种文化的差异,明显地表现在彼此互动的态度和期待的错位,而这些都直接影响到双方交流的方式以及交流在社会文化中产生的结果。今日再读谢氏的著作,重温其理解现状不能完全回避过去的论述,对当代基督教中国化的实践和研究仍有借鉴价值。