Processing of invisible stimuli: advantage of upright faces and recognizable words in overcoming interocular suppression

Familiar and recognizable stimuli enjoy an advantage of predominance during binocular rivalry, and this advantage is usually attributed to their enhanced processing during the dominant phase. However, do familiar and recognizable stimuli have an advantage in breaking suppression? Test images were gradually introduced to one eye to compete against a standard high-contrast dynamic noise pattern presented to the other eye. Results showed that an upright face took less time than an upside-down face to gain dominance against the identical suppression noise. Results also showed that for Chinese readers, Chinese characters were faster to gain dominance than Hebrew words, whereas for Hebrew readers, the reverse was true. These results suggest that familiar and recognizable information, even when suppressed and invisible, is processed differently from unfamiliar information. Apparently, high-level information about visual form does contribute to the strength of a stimulus during its suppressed phase.     

国民政府审级制度析论

审级制度的设计,必须有效平衡诉讼效率与诉讼公正的关系.国民政府实行三级三审制度,虽然改变了民国以来审级制度上的混乱状况,但由于在最高法院的规模控制、不同审级之间的职能分工方面缺少相应的技术规范,审级结构内部又缺乏有效的制约机制,以致法官的敷衍和当事人的滥讼均无有效的制度约束,形成上诉率居高不下,案件拖延积压严重的状况,既丧失了诉讼效率,也没有真正实现诉讼的公正.     

论我国刑法妨害传染病防治罪的完善

认为妨害传染病防治罪的可罚范围有待拓宽,应将一些乙类传染病和其他突发性强、致死率高的传染病纳入本罪规制的范围;行为方式有待明确,运用刑法典与附属刑法相配合的立法模式是一种较为理想的做法;刑罚设置上有待进一步完善,增加罚金刑的适用,对后果特别严重的情形可以结果加重犯来处理。     

Chinese kindergartners’ automatic processing of numerical magnitude in Stroop-like tasks

Using Stroop-like tasks, this study examined whether Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. A total of 36 children (mean age 5 5 years 10 months) were asked to perform physical size comparison (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in physical size?”) and numerical magnitude tasks (i.e., “Which of two numbers is bigger in numerical magnitude?”) on 216 number pairs. These number pairs varied in levels of congruence between numerical magnitude and physical size (for Stroop effect) and numerical distance (for distance effect). On the basis of analyses of response time and error rates, we found that Chinese kindergartners showed automatic processing of numerical magnitude. These results are significantly different from previous studies’ findings about the onset age (ranging from around the end of first grade to third grade) for automatic processing of numerical magnitude.     

心房颤动:消融术式和机制研究的博弈

房颤机制的经典学说有多发子波假说、主导折返环伴颤动样传导理论、局灶激动学说等.消融治疗房颤先后经历了仿迷宫术、肺静脉内消融、环肺静脉消融、复杂碎裂电位消融等多种术式.机制研究对消融术式的改进有一定的指导意义;消融术式的创新则验证和/或否定了某些机制的成果.二者的博弈极大地推进了房颤的研究进展.     

大众文化对青年大学生价值观的影响及应对

大众文化的流行与发展,对当代青年大学生的思想观念、道德意识、生活方式等诸方面都产生了重要影响,并集中体现为时青年大学生价值观念的影响.由于大众文化在文化功能上的悖论存在,使其对青年大学生价值观的影响既有积极的一面,也有消极的一面.因此,针对大众文化对青年大学生价值观的消极影响,应采取积极有效措施,通过提高对大众文化的认识,注重校园文化的建设及加强思想道德教育等多种途径,来应对大众文化对大学生价值观的冲击及影响.     

社会主义和谐社会思想的伦理意蕴

社会主义和谐社会思想,从伦理学的角度看,至少有三个方面的深刻含义:公平正义是社会主义和谐社会的首要价值标准,而公平正义的实现是以民主法治为前提的;诚信友爱是社会主义和谐社会的人际关系要求,因为人们的相互关系反映着社会的整体和谐程度;共建共享是社会主义争谐社会的最高伦理准则,体现了建设社会主义和谐社会的实践过程和最终结果的统一.     

Use of eye movement to measure smokers' attentional bias to smoking-related cues.

Smokers have attentional biases towards smoking-related cues, and such cues elicit cravings. Smokers also feel anxious during nicotine deprivation, and anxiety may exacerbate attentional biases toward aversive cues. We examined the attentional bias of smokers (n = 14) and a control group of nonsmokers (n = 16) towards smoking-related and aversive cues. Using an eye-tracking device, we measured eye movement when smoking-related, aversive, and control cues were presented simultaneously. We analyzed the number of initial fixations, and gaze duration, to identify the attentional bias. Smokers initially fixed their gaze on aversive cues, and maintained their gaze longer on smoking-related cues, in comparison to the control group. These results suggest that smokers show biased attentional orientation to smoking-related and aversive cues.     

情绪启动研究新进展

情绪启动是探讨无意识情绪和态度自动激活的有效方法,其研究对于推动情绪和社会认知领域态度的研究具有重要意义。文章指明了近期研究不仅关注情绪启动的产生条件,而且逐步深化了自身研究并发展了新的范式,同时在研究较为成熟的基础上,运用该范式探讨情绪与认知及社会认知领域的一系列问题。此外,文章简评了厂近期研究中存在的问题并展望了未来研究的方向。