Scanning electron microscopy-electron channelling contrast investigation of recrystallization during cyclic deformation of ultrafine grained copper processed by equal channel angular pressing

Cyclic deformation has been performed at ambient temperature on ultrafine-grained copper processed by equal channel angular pressing. Observations by electron channelling contrast in a scanning electron microscope revealed that pronounced recrystallization occurred and several distinct dislocation configurations such as dislocation walls and labyrinth structures were found within the recrystallized regions. A model is proposed to account for the evolution of recrystallization, emphasizing that its development results from an interaction between the cyclic deformation and the growth of recrystallized regions. The formation of recrystallized regions of different sizes is discussed.     

Structural phase transitions in epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films

The microstructural evolution of epitaxial SrRuO₃ thin films from ambient temperature (about 293K) to about 900K has been studied by in-situ transmission electron microscopy. Upon heating from the ambient temperature, the intensities of h, k, 2n+1 and h, -h+2n+1, 0 reflections in selected-area electron diffraction patterns decrease with increasing temperature. Two structural phase transitions were observed at about 673and about 783K, revealed by the vanishing of the h, k, 2n+1 and h,-h+2n+1, 0 reflections respectively. The examination of electron diffraction patterns along several different zone axes, taking into account the possible tilting configurations of RuO₆ octahedra, indicates that, upon heating, the orthorhombic structure of SrRuO₃ transforms into a tetragonal structure at about 673K, and further transforms into a cubic structure at about 783K. Possible structural models for the high-temperature phases are considered.     

表达形式影响自我积极偏向的表现:来自P200的证据

该研究运用事件相关电位技术,采用肯定和否定的表达方式呈现自我参照任务,探讨不同表达方式对自我积极偏向效应的影响。实验一中,行为数据显示,自我积极偏向效应表现的并不完整;ERP数据显示,P200波幅的结果与行为数据结果相一致。实验二中,行为数据显示,自我积极偏向效应表现得完整;ERP数据显示,P200成分上并未产生任何实验效应。综合两个实验结果,证明了不同表达方式对自我积极偏向效应的表现存在影响。导致这种差异的根本原因可能在于两种表达方式造成的注意资源不同。     

Unconsciously learning task-irrelevant perceptual sequences

We demonstrated unconscious learning of task-irrelevant perceptual regularities in a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task in both visual and auditory domains. Participants were required to respond to different letters (‘F’ or ‘J’, experiment 1) or syllables (‘can’ or ‘you’, experiment 2) which occurred in random order. Unbeknownst to participants, the color (red, green, blue or yellow) of the two letters or the tone (1–4) of the syllables varied according to certain rules. Reaction times indicated that people indeed learnt both the color and tonal regularities indicating that task-irrelevant sequence structure can be learned perceptually. In a subsequent prediction test of knowledge of the color or tonal cues using subjective measures, we showed that people could acquire task irrelevant knowledge unconsciously.     

The nature of the memory buffer in implicit learning: Learning Chinese tonal symmetries

Previous research has established that people can implicitly learn chunks, which (in terms of formal language theory) do not require a memory buffer to process. The present study explores the implicit learning of nonlocal dependencies generated by higher than finite-state grammars, specifically, Chinese tonal retrogrades (i.e. centre embeddings generated from a context-free grammar) and inversions (i.e. cross-serial dependencies generated from a mildly context-sensitive grammar), which do require buffers (for example, last in-first out and first in-first out, respectively). People were asked to listen to and memorize artificial poetry instantiating one of the two grammars; after this training phase, people were informed of the existence of rules and asked to classify new poems, while providing attributions of the basis of their judgments. People acquired unconscious structural knowledge of both tonal retrogrades and inversions. Moreover, inversions were implicitly learnt more easily than retrogrades constraining the nature of the memory buffer in computational models of implicit learning.     

Binding actions and scenes in visual long-term memory

How does visual long-term memory store representations of different entities (e.g., objects, actions, and scenes) that are present in the same visual event? Are the different entities stored as an integrated representation in memory, or are they stored separately? To address this question, we asked observers to view a large number of events; in each event, an action was performed within a scene. Afterward, the participants were shown pairs of action–scene sets and indicated which of the two they had seen. When the task required recognizing the individual actions and scenes, performance was high (80 %). Conversely, when the task required remembering which actions had occurred within which scenes, performance was significantly lower (59 %). We observed this dissociation between memory for individual entities and memory for entity bindings across multiple testing conditions and presentation durations. These experiments indicate that visual long-term memory stores information about actions and information about scenes separately from one another, even when an action and scene were observed together in the same visual event. These findings also highlight an important limitation of human memory: Situations that require remembering actions and scenes as integrated events (e.g., eyewitness testimony) may be particularly vulnerable to memory errors.     

Blue Monday Is Real for Suicide: A Case–Control Study of 188,601 Suicides

Many studies have reported that suicides tend to occur on Mondays. However, owing to a lack of controls, conclusive findings on the potential effects of a day of the week on suicides have been lacking. We analyzed public data for causes of death from 1997 to 2015 in the Republic of Korea. Accidental death was used as a control group. The probability of suicide on each day of the week according to age group was calculated. A total of 377,204 deaths (188,601 suicides and 188,603 accidental deaths) were used. The frequency of suicide was highest on Monday and decreased throughout the week until Saturday. Accidental death was highest on Saturday and showed no variations according to weekday. For people in their teens and 20s, the probabilities of suicide on Monday were 9% and 10% higher, respectively, than those on Sunday. As age increased, the differences in suicide probability according to the day of the week were attenuated. The so‐called Blue Monday effect is real, particularly for people in their teens and 20s. Suicide prevention strategies that aim to attenuate the burden and stress of Mondays should be planned.     

住院医师规范化培训中医学人文教育的思考

我国目前开展的住院医师规范化培训应该注重在提升住院医师临床技能为主旨的基础上, 更多地融入医学人文知识的讲授, 在住院医师规范化培训中要有计划、按步骤地开展医学人文技能培训, 进一步加强住院医师医学人文精神的培养和熏陶。通过住院医师规范化培训阶段的医学人文知识、技能的学习和培训, 引导住院医师进行正确的职业定位, 树立优良的医德医风, 尊重、敬畏患者生命和关怀患者的医学人文精神, 促进医患沟通, 进一步构建和谐医患关系。