Neural correlates of age-related reduction in visual motion priming

Previously we reported that priming of visual motion perception is reduced in older adults compared to younger adults (Jiang, Greenwood, & Parasuraman, 1999, Psychology and Aging, 14(4), 619; Jiang, Luo, & Parasuraman, 2002b, Neuropsychology, 16(2), 140). To examine the neural mechanisms underlying this age-related effect, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during perceptual judgments of motion directions by younger and older adults in two experiments. When judging single-step motion, both younger and older adults evoked significantly larger ERP late positive component (LPC) responses to unambiguous motion compared to LPC responses elicited by ambiguous motion. In contrast, compared to the younger adults, the older adults evoked comparable but delayed ERP responses to single motion steps. In the second experiment the younger and older groups judged the directions of two successive motion-steps (either motion priming or motion reversals). Under short (200-400 ms) stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), the difference between the ERP responses to priming and reversal conditions was significantly larger for the younger than for the older adults. This study provides the first electrophysiological evidence that brain aging leads to delayed processing of single motion direction and visual motion priming as early as 100 ms in the early visual cortex. Age-related changes in strength and temporal characteristics of neural responses in temporal-parietal regions were particularly pronounced in older adults when successive motion signals are placed closely in time, within 400 ms.     

维也纳学派在中国的命运

洪谦先生是维也纳学派在中国的主要传人,但在历史上,第一个向国内学术界介绍维也纳学派的哲学家是张申府及其胞弟张岱年.洪谦对维也纳学派思想在中国的传播起到了关键作用.冯友兰也曾对维也纳学派做过介绍和分析,并试图利用逻辑分析的方法处理形而上学问题.金岳霖及其学生殷海光从逻辑学研究的角度对维也纳学派哲学在中国的传播发挥了作用.洪谦与冯友兰之间在20世纪40年代发生的学术争论,反映了中西两种哲学思维方式的差异.虽然经历了政治上的磨难,但正是由于洪谦先生毕生坚持了对维也纳学派思想的研究和发展,最终成为国际著名的哲学家.洪谦与冯友兰之间的思想交锋也反映了他们对哲学性质的不同理解.     

"爱情"与"友谊"概念表征的差异——基于字词联想的比较

运用字词联想法对大学生爱情和友谊概念表征的异同进行了初步探究.以"爱情"和"友谊"为靶词,让被试进行自由联想,之后对搜集到的11136个联想词进行内容分析,在前人研究的基础上最终编码为18个范畴.结果显示,爱情相对需要更多的理性与情感投入、经历更多的痛苦、肩负更多的责侄,容易联想到婚姻、家庭、命运缘分,而友谊较少牵扯.与爱情相比,友谊更易于转化为爱情,而经历过爱情的人很难再回归到友谊.这些结果与日常观念相符,为如何处理爱情和友谊的关系提供了实征指导.     

科学发明问题解决的脑机制再探

选取高生态学效度的科学发明问题作为实验材料, 采用“学习−测试”的两阶段实验范式, 利用静息态功能磁共振成像技术, 基于局部一致性(ReHo)和低频振幅(ALFF)的分析方法, 研究科学发明问题解决的神经机制。在控制被试性别、年龄和常规性问题解决能力后, 结果发现左侧前扣带回(Anterior Cingulate Cortex, ACC)的ReHo值和个体科学发明问题解决的正确率显著正相关, ALFF的结果同样印证了这一发现。结果强调了ACC在科学发明问题解决过程中的重要作用。     

双文化经验对整体加工方式的影响*

已有研究表明,与个体主义文化相比,集体主义文化易引发整体加工方式。但是,文化不仅可以按照东西方文化划分为个体主义和集体主义,还可以依据个体的文化经验划分为多元文化和单一文化。那么,与单一文化经验相比,多元文化经验,尤其是最常见的双文化经验是否也有利于整体加工方式呢?在两个实验中,我们将被试分为两组,让其中一组被试暴露在双文化情境下,另外一组被试暴露在单一文化情境下。然后让这两组被试要么寻找两段视频间的相似点或者差异点（实验1）,要么回忆与老年人刻板印象一致或不一致的信息（实验2）。结果发现,与暴露在单一文化情境下相比,暴露在双文化情境下的被试倾向于寻找事物间的相似点（实验1）,并且不易形成刻板印象（实验2）。这表明,双文化经验有利于整体加工方式。     

中国成年人认知风格调查报告*

应用《心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人认知风格问卷》对全国23个省、市、自治区的6432名成年人的认知风格进行了调查。结果发现:中国成年人的认知风格总体水平较好。比较不同人口学特征的成年人在认知风格各维度上的差异发现:(1)女性在灾难化维度上得分显著高于男性;(2)随着年龄的增长,成年人的认知风格总均分及各维度得分均呈上升趋势;(3)农村成年人认知风格总均分及各维度得分显著高于城市成年人;(4)随着受教育程度的提高,成年人的认知风格总均分及各维度得分呈下降趋势;(5)年龄段与受教育程度在选择性提取维度上存在交互作用,其中初中文化程度的老年组被试得分最高。     

音乐句法加工的认知机制与音乐结构的影响模式

音乐和语言是人类最重要的两种交流系统。与语言一样, 音符的排列和组织也是建立在一定的句法规则之上。尽管现有研究发现听众具有感知音乐句法的能力, 音乐句法加工的认知机制以及影响因素仍不清楚。基于此, 拟深入探究预期和整合在音乐音高句法加工中的作用, 以及音乐层级结构和时间结构对音高句法加工的影响。以期进一步揭示音乐句法加工的本质, 为音乐和语言的比较以及探索人类更一般的交流机制提供实证依据。     

Actor–Partner Interdependence of Compassion toward Others with Qualities of Marital Relationship and Parent–Child Relationships in Chinese Families

Considering the nature of compassion and cultural and times characteristics of Chinese families, individuals' general dispositional compassion toward others may have potential benefits for relationship qualities in Chinese families. In this study, we explored how men's and women's compassion related to their own (actor effects) and the partners' (partner effects) marital relationship and parent–child relationships, respectively, using the Actor–Partner Interdependent Model. Participants were from a cross-sectional sample of 534 Chinese heterosexual married couples (females' mean age = 37.20, SD = 4.28; males' mean age = 40.29, SD = 5.39) whose biological children were pupils (mean age = 9.28, SD = 1.11). Results revealed that: (a) within marital relationships, couple members' actor effects and partner effects were found both significant; but (b) within parent–child relationships, couple members' actor effects were significant, whereas only mothers' partner effect of compassion on father–child relationship was significant. These findings support the benefits of couple members' individual compassion with respect to family relationship quality in contemporary China. Limitations, implications, and future directions are discussed.     

The impact of monetary stimuli on object-based attention

Previous research has implied that monetary reward to target location (a reward for spatial properties) can affect object-based attention, but no study has directly investigated the influence of monetary objects (a reward for object properties) on object-based attention. Thus, it is unclear whether and how monetary objects can affect object-based attention. To experimentally investigate this problem, this study adapted the well-established two-rectangle paradigm. In Experiment 1, either two 100-yuan notes or two 1-yuan notes were presented to participants. We found an object-based effect with faster responses to targets at an uncued position on the cued object compared to those at an equidistant position on the uncued object; the effect was similar in 100-yuan and 1-yuan note trials. In Experiment 2, two notes (one 100-yuan and one 1-yuan) were simultaneously presented to participants, and cue location (100-yuan, 1-yuan) was manipulated. We found a greater object-based effect when the cue appeared on the 100-yuan note than on the 1-yuan note. These results suggest that the rewarding property of objects can affect object-based attention by means of altering object salience.     

高中生自我调节学习与自尊:感知教师支持及性别的调节作用

采用自我调节学习问卷、感知教师支持问卷及自尊问卷,对334名高中生进行测量,探究感知教师支持及性别在自我调节学习与自尊之间的调节作用。结果表明:(1)自我调节学习与自尊呈显著正相关,感知教师支持与自尊及自我调节学习呈显著正相关;(2)感知教师支持及性别在自我调节学习与自尊之间均起调节作用:自我调节学习对自尊的影响在女生中更为明显,感知高水平的教师支持缓解了低自我调节学习对自尊的负面影响。