语音意识、语素意识和快速命名在儿童言语发展中的作用

以130名幼儿园小、中、大班儿童为研究对象,通过分层回归,系统比较了语音意识、语素意识和快速命名三种认知技能在学前儿童口语词汇、汉字识别和阅读理解等言语能力发展中的作用和相对重要性,结果发现:(1)学前儿童的各项能力随着年龄的增加而显著提高;(2)除了年龄因素之外,语音意识和语素意识是解释口语词汇的重要变量;(3)在控制了年龄和口语词汇量之后,语音意识、语素意识和快速命名能力都分别对汉字识别成绩具有独立的预测作用;(4)在控制了年龄、口语词汇量、汉字识别和其他两种认知技能之后,只有语素意识仍然能够独立预测阅读理解成绩,表明语素意识对于汉语阅读能力的发展具有独特的作用.     

亲社会性视频游戏对内隐攻击性认知抑制效应的实验

利用亲社会性视频游戏和IAT测验,从内隐社会认知的角度研究亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的影响,并分析影响是否具有性别差异和攻击特质差异。结果表明:(1)亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的抑制效应显著;(2)游戏类型和性别对内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对女生的内隐攻击性认知产生抑制效应;(3)攻击特质对高中生的内隐攻击性认知的主效应显著,并且游戏类型和攻击特质对高中生内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对低攻击特质学生产生抑制效应。由此可见,亲社会性视频游戏能够有效抑制高中生的内隐攻击性认知水平。     

北京都城隍庙考

北京都城隍庙始建于元,迄今730余年.随着时局的变迁,如今的都城隍庙只有后殿"寝祠"幸存,旧日恢弘的建筑、庄严的祭礼,以及商贾云集的庙市早已淡出了人们的记忆.本文试图对都城隍庙从多个角度进行考证梳理,力求建立起一个对都城隍庙进行整体认知的构架.     

Gender Differences in the Relationships between Parental Marital Conflict,Differentiation from the Family of Origin,and Children’s Marital Stability

Abstract

This study aimed to examine gender differences in the relationships between parental marital conflict, differentiation from the family of origin, and children’s martial stability. Data were collected from 453 married individuals in South Korea. The results revealed that parental marital conflict was directly related to children’s marital stability albeit only among married men. Emotional cutoff and family projection mediated the relationship between parental marital conflict and children’s marital stability among men and women, respectively. These findings can be used to develop gender-specific evidence-based interventions that enhance marital stability (e.g., programs for married and premarital couples).     

虚云和尚对当代禅宗之影响

本文从承继法脉、广建道场、传戒立规,及参与佛教社会活动等四方面,概览近代禅师虚云和尚的弘法利生志业,并分析其禅法特色,以探讨其对当代禅宗的影响与启发.     

Attentional bias toward waiting time information among individuals with high and low trait self-control when making intertemporal choices

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to explore whether the modulation effects of attentional biases toward time information representing immediate rewards and delayed rewards differ between individuals with high and low trait self-control. Forty participants with high trait self-control and 40 with low trait self-control were selected based on their responses to the Chinese version of the self-control scale, and they were asked to complete an intertemporal choice task and dot probe task first and then a cue-target task a week later. The results showed that the participants with low trait self-control were more likely to choose immediate rewards than participants with high trait self-control. Furthermore, facilitated attention and difficulty in attention disengagement toward present-related words were found among participants with low trait self-control with higher frequency than among those with high trait self-control. Finally, facilitated attention toward present-related words moderated the indifference points among the participants with low trait self-control.     

生态园林与城市建设——以淮安市的城市建设为例

生态园林不同于传统的园林,而是一种现代园林,它重视因地制宜,关注城市与自然的谐和,是大众共享的而不是小众独享的,它不一定具有普适性,其意义只在于提醒人们,在现在城市的建设中,不能只讲技术,从而使千城一律,而应因地制宜,拯救(自然与文化的)差异,使建筑更适宜人"去居住".     

Possible novel features of synaptic regulation during long-term facilitation in Aplysia

Most studies of molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have focused on the sequence of changes either at individual synapses or in the cell nucleus. However, studies of long-term facilitation at Aplysia sensory neuron–motor neuron synapses in isolated cell culture suggest two additional features of facilitation. First, that there is also regulation of the number of synaptic contacts between two neurons, which may occur at the level of cell pair-specific branch points in the neuronal arbor. Branch points contain many molecules that are involved in protein synthesis-dependent long-term facilitation including neurotrophins and the RNA binding protein CPEB. Second, the regulation involves homeostatic feedback and tends to keep the total number of contacts between two neurons at a fairly constant level both at rest and following facilitation. That raises the question of how facilitation and homeostasis can coexist. A possible answer is suggested by the findings that they both involve spontaneous transmission and postsynaptic Ca²⁺, which can have bidirectional effects similar to LTP and LTD in hippocampus. In addition, long-term facilitation can involve a change in the set point of homeostasis, which could be encoded by plasticity molecules such as CPEB and/or PKM. A computational model based on these ideas can qualitatively simulate the basic features of both facilitation and homeostasis of the number of contacts.

Synaptic plasticity is a change in strength of the synaptic connection (postsynaptic potential or PSP) between neurons and includes increases during facilitation and decreases during depression. Plasticity is thought to underlie circuit formation during development and learning and memory in adults, and correspondingly to be defective in neurodevelopmental disorders including autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia as well as learning and memory disorders including Alzheimer''s, age-related memory loss, and drug addiction (Hawkins 2013; Hawkins et al. 2017). Most studies of molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity have focused on either changes at individual synapses or gene regulation in the cell nucleus. However, studies of long-term facilitation at Aplysia sensory neuron–motor neuron (SN–MN) synapses in isolated cell culture (Glanzman et al. 1990), sensitization in the intact animal (Wainwright et al. 2004), and long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurons (Antonova et al. 2001, 2009) have shown that there are also changes in the number of contacts between presynaptic varicosities and the postsynaptic neuron. We refer to these as synaptic contacts although not all of them are functional synapses (Kim et al. 2003). The number of contacts is thought to be an important determinant of the strength of the PSP (Zhang et al. 2003) and to be different for different neuron pairs. It also increases during long-term facilitation of the PSP and is thought to be a major determinant of the time course of the facilitation (Bailey and Chen 1989).As in other systems (Antonova et al. 2001, 2009; Holtmaat and Svoboda 2009), the contacts are dynamic and are continually being formed and eliminated, but the total number and the PSP remain fairly constant both at rest and during long-term facilitation (Miniaci et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2014). Furthermore, the number of contacts and the PSP return to baseline when maintenance of the facilitation is blocked, but the individual contacts are not all the same as they were before facilitation. These results have led some to suggest that memories are not stored at individual synaptic contacts, as is often supposed, but rather are stored in the nucleus (Chen et al. 2014). However, most of the previous experiments have involved a single SN and a single MN, so it has not been possible to examine the synapse specificity of the effects. Experiments with one SN and two MNs (Martin et al. 1997) or two SNs and 1 MN (Schacher et al. 1997) have shown that facilitation of the number of synaptic contacts and the PSP is specific to the stimulated synaptic pair (e.g., SN–MN1) and does not occur for the other pair (e.g., SN–MN2). These results should generalize to multiple pre- and postsynaptic partners and suggest two novel features of synaptic regulation during plasticity: (1) that the number of synaptic contacts between two neurons is regulated, and (2) that the regulation is homeostatic. We first describe those features and some of the evidence supporting them, then propose a model that could account for them and present computational modeling to illustrate the plausibility of the model.     

乾隆朝废除度牒的原因新论

清人俞正燮推断,"摊丁入亩"的赋役制度改革是乾隆朝废除度牒制度的原因,学术界至今沿用此说,似成定论.在界定度僧、僧籍及度牒三个重要概念,梳理并剖析乾隆朝度牒制度主要内容的基础上,本文认为,"摊丁入亩"是废除度牒制度的必要但非充分条件,是外因(四个条件)之一.度牒制度被废除的内因是乾隆帝利用该制度裁减僧人所导致的五个矛盾.内因(五个矛盾)和外因(四个条件)结合起来才是乾隆朝废除度牒制度的真正原因.     

黄绾的“艮止”心学——兼谈黄绾心学的天台佛学性格

明代思想家黄绾通过对《周易》"艮"卦的创造性解读,建立了一个从"心性论"的角度而不是从"实学"的角度来反对王阳明心学的所谓"艮止"心学,在当时独树一帜。此一"艮止"心学在黄绾看来乃是"孔门正传",乃是"圣人传心之学"。"艮止"心学主张人的"心"是唯一的,不管是君子的"天命之心"还是小人的"无容之心",不管是喜怒还是哀乐,其实都只是一个"心"而不是两个"心"。黄绾"艮止"心学对"心"的这种"一元化"理解与天台宗"一念三千"学说对"心"的理解如出一辙。