胸腺肽对心理应激引起老年大鼠免疫功能降低的改善作用

研究胸腺肽作为一种免疫增强剂,是否参与调节应激对免疫系统的作用,心理应激采用可控／不可控电击的模型。结果表明,受到６天,每天半小时的可控或不可控的足底电击后,与不受电南的对照组相比,不可控组老年大鼠的免疫功能明显下降,而可控组没有明显变化．;肾上腺糖皮质激素的分泌量在受到电击后显著升高。     

Parallel and competitive processes in hierarchical analysis: perceptual grouping and encoding of closure.

The role of perceptual grouping and the encoding of closure of local elements in the processing of hierarchical patterns was studied. Experiments 1 and 2 showed a global advantage over the local level for 2 tasks involving the discrimination of orientation and closure, but there was a local advantage for the closure discrimination task relative to the orientation discrimination task. Experiment 3 showed a local precedence effect for the closure discrimination task when local element grouping was weakened by embedding the stimuli from Experiment 1 in a background made up of cross patterns. Experiments 4A and 4B found that dissimilarity of closure between the local elements of hierarchical stimuli and the background figures could facilitate the grouping of closed local elements and enhanced the perception of global structure. Experiment 5 showed that the advantage for detecting the closure of local elements in hierarchical analysis also held under divided- and selective-attention conditions. Results are consistent with the idea that grouping between local elements takes place in parallel and competes with the computation of closure of local elements in determining the selection between global and local levels of hierarchical patterns for response.     

藏族双语人双语态度的调查研究

以藏、汉杂居地区的藏族成年人为对象,运用问卷、访谈、观察等方法,研究双语人对母语、汉语以及不同交际情境中的语言选择和语码转换的态度。结果表明,双语人对母语的态度中情感因素起重要作用,有强烈的保持自己母语的愿望;双语人对汉语的态度更多地含有理性的或认知的成份,对学习汉语持积极的态度;双语人在家庭和本民族成员中主要使用母语,如果谈话者使用母语,而对方用汉语回答,或对方讲掺杂着汉语的混杂母语,大多数双语人对此都持否定态度     

The Assessment of Optimistic Self-beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese Versions of the General Self-efficacy Scale

L'auto-efficacité générale est mesurée grâce à une courte échelle composée de dix items. Son usage est très répandu et elle a été adaptée à plusieurs cultures. Cet article compare des versions qui ont été proposées à des étudiants: 430 Allemands, 952 Costariciens et 293 Chinois. lies validités internes sont respectivement de.84,.81 et.91. L'unidimensionnalité de l'échelle est réapparue dans tous les échantillons. L'équivalence items-modèle interlinguistique ne fut que modérément approuvé par des analyses factorielles de confirmation. On a trouvé des différences au niveau des moyennes des scores totaux entre les langues. De plus, une intéraction entre sexe et langue s'est manifestée. Des corrélations avec la dépression, l'anxiété' et l'optimisme ont fourni des éléments complémentaires en faveur de la validité de construction.
General self-efficacy is measured by a widely used parsimonious ten-item scale that was developed for use in several cultures. The present paper compares the verions that were examined in samples of 430 German, 959 Costa Rican, and 293 Chinese university students. The internal consistencies were.84,.81, and.91, respectively. The unidimensional nature of the scale was replicated in all samples. Multilingual item-pattern equivalence was only moderately supported by confirmatory factor analyses. Mean differences of sum scores between languages were found. Moreover, an interaction between gender and language emerged. Correlations with depression, anxiety, and optimism provided some further evidence for construct validity.     

FOK产生机制的实验研究

通过以初中生和大学生为被试的两个实验探讨了FOK（Feeling-of-Knowing即“熟知感”）的产生机制,是线索熟悉性还是靶项目的可提取性（或记忆强度）决定FOK判断的等级。识记材料为90对中文词对.分前后两部分让被试识记,前后两部分词对之间安排三种关系：①完全相同;②仅线索词相同,③完全不同,这三种关系可选成不同的靶项目记忆强度和不同的线索熟悉性.两组实验结果一致表明,FOK的等级判断的高低取决于线索熟悉程度,而不随靶项目的记忆强度而变化.     

动物创造力和创新研究概述

充满不确定性的环境里,创造力对于人类和动物的生存和进化都起着十分重要的作用。长期以来动物的创造力和创新能力的研究没有受到重视,但最近这个领域开始受到越来越多的关注。该文对动物创造力的有关研究做了简要介绍,并对该领域的发展做了一些探讨     

A framework for ML estimation of parameters of (mixtures of) common reaction time distributions given optional truncation or censoring

We present a framework for distributional reaction time (RT) analysis, based on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. Given certain information relating to chosen distribution functions, one can estimate the parameters of these distributions and of finite mixtures of these distributions. In addition, left and/or right censoring or truncation may be imposed. Censoring and truncation are useful methods by which to accommodate outlying observations, which are a pervasive problem in RT research. We consider five RT distributions: the Weibull, the ex-Gaussian, the gamma, the log-normal, and the Wald. We employ quasi-Newton optimization to obtain ML estimates. Multicase distributional analyses can be carried out, which enable one to conduct detailed (across or within subjects) comparisons of RT data by means of loglikelihood difference tests. Parameters may be freely estimated, estimated subject to boundary constraints, constrained to be equal (within or over cases), or fixed. To demonstrate the feasibility of ML estimation and to illustrate some of the possibilities offered by the present approach, we present three small simulation studies. In addition, we present three illustrative analyses of real data.     

个体完成系列回忆任务时错误类型发展的实验研究

本实验以小学一、三、五年级学生和大学生为被试,选择三种类型的汉字(普通字、形似字和同音字)为实验材料,要求被试完成系列回忆任务。结果发现：各组被试在完成系列回忆任务时,出现了四种错误,即遗漏错误、侵入错误、移动错误和重复错误。其中遗漏错误、侵入错误和移动错误随年级升高而降低;移动错误的相对比例最高,重复错误的相对比例最低。同时还发现同音字引起的错误率明显高于普通字和形似字。     

《齐风》的"和谐"美

和谐是礼的最高境界,温柔敦厚是《诗经》和谐美的集中体现。《齐风》的和谐美,在社会生活方面,表现为女子个性的自由张扬,男人气度的雍容豪放;在诗歌形式方面,表现为声韵节奏的和谐舒缓。而春秋时期,齐国泱泱的大国气象,正是《齐风》和谐美建构的社会基础。