Homophonic context effects when naming Japanese kanji: evidence for processing costs?

The current study investigated the effects of phonologically related context pictures on the naming latencies of target words in Japanese and Chinese. Reading bare words in alphabetic languages has been shown to be rather immune to effects of context stimuli, even when these stimuli are presented in advance of the target word (e.g., Glaser & Düngelhoff, 1984 ; Roelofs, 2003 ). However, recently, semantic context effects of distractor pictures on the naming latencies of Japanese kanji (but not Chinese hànzì) words have been observed (Verdonschot, La Heij, & Schiller, 2010 ). In the present study, we further investigated this issue using phonologically related (i.e., homophonic) context pictures when naming target words in either Chinese or Japanese. We found that pronouncing bare nouns in Japanese is sensitive to phonologically related context pictures, whereas this is not the case in Chinese. The difference between these two languages is attributed to processing costs caused by multiple pronunciations for Japanese kanji.     

Gratifications, collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension as predictors of Facebook uses

This study explores whether and how gratifications and psychological traits impact people's Facebook use. First, a factor analysis of an online survey (N= 437) outlined a unique set of gratifications obtained from the use of Facebook. Six aspects of gratifications (i.e., social surveillance, entertainment, recognition, emotional support, network extension, and maintenance) were identified. Results from regression analyses showed that psychological traits (i.e., collective self-esteem, online emotional openness, and traitlike communication apprehension) were strong predictors of most Facebook gratifications. Additionally, gratifications and, to a lesser extent, psychological traits significantly predicted Facebook usage, both in perceived importance and different indicators in the level of Facebook use.     

初中生生活事件、心理韧性与学习倦怠的关系

目的:探讨初中生的学习倦怠、生活事件和心理韧性的关系。方法:从济宁市四所初级中学抽取465名初中生,以青少年生活事件量表、青少年心理韧性量表、中学生学习倦怠问卷为研究工具,对初中生进行测查。结果:初中生的学习倦怠水平随年级增长呈逐渐升高趋势;男生的学习倦怠水平显著高于女生;心理韧性作为中介变量,影响到生活事件与学习倦怠之间的关系,中介效应占总效应的比例为42.4%。结论:培养学生的心理韧性可以有助于降低他们的学习倦怠水平。     

物体颜色与质地相似度对幼儿归纳推理的影响

设计了3个实验任务,探讨物体颜色相似度与质地相似度对140名4~6岁幼儿和40名成年人的归纳推理的影响。结果发现,在任务1中,当靶物体质地保持不变时,幼儿和成年人在归纳推理中倾向于选择与靶物体在颜色上更相似的物体;在任务2中,当靶物体颜色不变时,幼儿和成年人倾向于选择与靶物体在质地上更相似的物体;在任务3中,当测试物体在颜色相似度和质地相似度上发生相反变化时,4岁幼儿显著地依赖于质地相似度进行归纳,颜色相似度在5~6岁时的重要性明显提高,但仍略低于质地相似性,差异不显著,这表明颜色相似度和质地相似度在幼儿的归纳推理中具有不同程度的重要性。对成年人而言,颜色相似度虽然看起来比质地相似度相对更重要性,但差异不显著。     

Instructed Hand Movements Affect Students’ Learning of an Abstract Concept From Video

Producing content-related gestures has been found to impact students’ learning, whether such gestures are spontaneously generated by the learner in the course of problem-solving, or participants are instructed to pose based on experimenter instructions during problem-solving and word learning. Few studies, however, have investigated the effect of (a) performing instructed gestures while learning concepts or (b) producing gestures without there being an implied connection between the gestures and the concepts being learned. The two studies reported here investigate the impact of instructed hand movements on students’ subsequent understanding of a concept. Students were asked to watch an instructional video—focused on the concept of statistical model—three times. Two experimental groups were given a secondary task to perform while watching the video, which involved moving their hands to mimic the placement and orientation of red rectangular bars overlaid on the video. Students were told that the focus of the study was multitasking, and that the instructed hand movements were unrelated to the material being learned. In the content-match group the placement of the hands reinforced the concept being explained, and in the content-mismatch group it did not. A control group was not asked to perform a secondary task. In both studies, findings indicate that students in the content-match group performed better on the posttest, and showed less variation in performance, than did students in the content-mismatch group, with control students falling in between. Instructed hand movement—even when presented as an unrelated, secondary task—can affect students’ learning of a complex concept.     

从南无教看秘密宗教信仰的特点

南无教是明代晚期兴起于齐鲁地区社会底层的秘密宗教。其根本特点是本土性：本士的神灵,本土的教主,本土的经典,本土的道德训诫和生活,本士的修行方式。这种本土性的宗教信仰比外来宗教信仰更加切近中国信徒的生活和精神世界,满足了人们的精神需要。这是其脱胎于佛教并在民间迅速流传的在内原因之一。     

新颖词汇学习中大脑激活模式的fMRI研究

该研究利用功能磁共振脑成像(fMRI)技术,比较在新颖语言学习和母语学习过程中大脑皮层参与的异同。实验设置德语学习和汉语学习两个条件,采用跨通道联结学习范式,要求被试在听到听觉词汇后,按键判断屏幕上所呈现的图片是否与所听词汇匹配。行为数据显示,被试在六段实验后基本掌握了德语语音和语义之间的联结关系;脑成像数据显示,两种学习任务都激活了语言加工的主要脑区,而德语词汇学习过程相比汉语参照条件对应的颞叶激活强度与范围有较大的差异,并且比汉语条件表现出更显著的前额叶区域激活。     

青少年未来取向问卷中文版的测量学分析

介绍了芬兰著名心理学家J.-E.Nurmi等人编制的未来取向问卷,并考察了其在中国文化背景中的适用性。未来取向问卷中文版的测量学分析表明,该问卷题目具有较好的内部一致性和稳定性;采用探索性因素分析考察了计划过程分问卷的结构效度、以自尊和抑郁作为该问卷各指标的效标考察了问卷的效标效度,结果表明,该问卷具有较好的效度,适合在中国青少年中使用。     

年轻成年人昼夜体温“钟”的研究

年轻成年被试在现代人类觉醒期间“标准环境温度”(standard ambient tem-perature)(～20℃)和人体产生和散发热量保持最佳平衡状态的睡眠期间“热中性”(thermal neutrality)环境温度(～30℃)条件下。24-h昼夜测量体(口腔)和皮肤(中背,耳后,肘,手背,足背)温度。皮肤温度借助特制WMSX-01巡回检测温度仅远距离连续测温和自动打印。结果表明;(1)在“标准环境温度”(～20℃)和“热中性”环境温度[～30℃间可见四肢(特别足部)]皮肤温度呈现显著相位性倒转。(2)“非午睡组”和“午睡组”均可见在14:00左右呈现一个体温“钟”的“次要低谷”(Minor nadir),从而表示成年人的体温“钟”也可能具有“半24-h昼夜节律”(Circasemidian rhythm)的内源性特征。     

关于加强和改进德育工作的几点哲学思考

德育,是对国民进行思想、道德教育的总称。它是道德建设的主要内容之一。德育学作为一门科学,有很强的时代性。它有特殊的研究对象,有其自身的特点和规律。德育工作是教育人如何做人,做什么样的人的工作。人,乃是生活在一定社会环境下的人。德育工作是按照社会的一定...