Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex 5-HT6 receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior

The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) plays a very important role in decision-related and anxiety-related information processing. It has enriched 5-HT6 receptors; however, the precise role of dmPFC 5-HT6 receptors in anxiety remains to be fully investigated. In this study, we injected dmPFC with the 5-HT6 receptor agonist EMD 386088 and antagonist SB 271046 using stereotactic technology. 5-HT6 receptor activation in mice increased time spent in the center area on the open-field test, increased exploration of the open arms on the elevated plus maze test, and increased ratio on the social interaction test. 5-HT6 receptor inactivation induced the opposite effects. In brain slices, EMD 386088 decreased both spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC) and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSC), while SB 271046 only increased sEPSC. These effects of EMD 386088 and SB 271046 could be reversed by the GABA_A receptor antagonist bicuculline (BMI) and positive allosteric modulator clonazepam (CLZ), respectively. Our results suggest that neurotransmission in the dmPFC by 5-HT6 receptor activation and inhibition may play an important role in anxiety-like behavior, and may provide new insight into the pathological mechanism and potential target of anxiety disorders.     

Effect of achievement motivation on cognitive control adaptations

Previous research addressing motivational effects on cognitive control adaptations primarily manipulated external rewards. In the present study, we examined whether achievement motivation, reflecting intrinsic motivation, modulates cognitive control adaptations. In each of two experiments, students were divided into a high achievement motivation group (HAM; Experiment 1: N?=?36; Experiment 2: N?=?39) and a low achievement motivation group (LAM; Experiment 1: N?=?30; Experiment 2: N?=?39) on the basis of the Achievement Motivation Scale. Cognitive control adaptations were assessed by sequential congruency effects (SCEs) in Flanker tasks. Using a standard Flanker task in Experiment 1 and examining response times, the HAM but not LAM participants showed evidence of cognitive control adaptations. Because SCEs in a standard Flanker task may reflect lower-level, bottom-up processes rather than cognitive control adaptations, we used an adapted version of the Flanker task in Experiment 2 that controlled for the potential influence of such processes. Experiment 2 again revealed evidence of SCEs in the HAM but not LAM participants. These results suggest that cognitive control adaptions may be modulated by achievement motivation. Such potential modulation could be taken into account when evaluating results of previous and future fundamental and applied studies on cognitive control adaptations.     

成就目标：理论、应用及研究趋势

成就目标理论是当前教育领域有关学生成就动机最为活跃的研究热点之一。20世纪中后期Weiner在整合动机理论和归因理论的基础上提出了成就目标理论。之后,Dweck等学者对成就目标的概念、分类及动机模式进行了大量研究。成就目标理论具有很好的发展前景,并在学校教育、体育运动和生涯发展等领域得到广泛的应用。未来研究应强调成就目标的动态性与多维性,注重成就目标的性别差异和社会期许效应,运用多元化方法以提高成就目标研究的外部效度,拓宽研究对象以增强成就目标的应用性研究,更加关注情绪情感与成就目标之间的关系。     

《大乘广百论释论》中佛教与胜论派、数论派关于因果问题的辩论

本文依据《大乘广百论释论》中《破有为相品第七》的有关内容对佛教、数论派和胜论派的因果观进行讨论、分析和比较。文章认为,胜论派把因果关系理解为要素的结合,数论派把因果关系理解为潜在事物的显现。无论胜论派还是数论派,都认为世间存在常住不变的实体。《大乘广百论释论》的作者正是抓住这一点来反驳胜论派和数论派的因果观。佛教认为,没有独立、恒常的实体,这是因果律得以成立的前提;所谓的因果联系就是一切无常变化、互相依存的有为法相互联结的条理而已。     

马克思主义与正义

马克思之所以批判正义,乃是因为其矛头无处不是指向资本主义正义.资本主义正义以普遍性掩盖阶级性、以永恒性掩盖暂时性,是妨碍工人进行革命斗争的麻醉剂.马克思虽然没有关于正义观念的系统表述,但不能因此否定马克思主义所具有的正义内涵.马克思主义的正义现表现在生产资料社会所有、按劳分配和按需分配等方面.按劳分配的合理依据不是人对自身劳动能力的所有权,而是人对自身劳动能力的使用权.按劳分配与按需分配是共时性而非历时性的分配原则.     

Nudge to Health: Harnessing Decision Research to Promote Health Behavior

We review selected literature that examines how biases in decision making can be utilized to encourage individual health behavior, such as vaccination, and promote policy decisions, such as resource allocation. These studies use simple interventions to nudge people towards more optimal health decisions without restricting decision‐makers’ freedom of choice. Examples include framing effects, defaults, implementation intentions, position effects, social norm, incentives, and emotions. We suggest that nudges are an effective way to promote healthy behavior.     

成人面部表情及其判断的初步探讨

本实验就Izard提出的十种基本情绪采集了成人的面部表情照片,并进行了辨认评定以及同婴儿相应面部表情的比较工作。本实验结果支持了Izard的观点,认为面部表情的发生和辨认有着客观的生物基础,同时证明成人与婴儿的面部表情之间有很大连续性,从而验证了情绪表情具有先天程序化的内在本质的假设。     

产业生态化:从基础条件与发展误区论平衡理念下的创新策略

生态产业是经济由粗放转化为集约过程中谋求可持续发展的必然选择,转轨经济中的我国在这方面刚刚提到议事日程,该课题虽然很新但很重要.发达国家在该方面已经取得的成功经验为我们提供了很好的参考.产业生态化的本质并不是单纯求得生态环境保护,而是寻找经济发展与生态环境之间的平衡,这需要克服传统模式下生态产业发展上的诸多问题,探索生态产业发展的新思路.通过发展生态旅游、生态农业、循环经济、生态聚集等多种模式,在产业链延伸、工业园模块化设计中将产业生态化做实做好.     

浅谈藏传佛教音乐典籍的保护与传承

藏传佛教音乐是中华经典音乐的重要组成部分,是中华优秀传统文化中的一颗璀璨明珠。藏文化总体分为大五明和小五明,藏传佛教音乐艺术应归于大五明之工巧明。然而,从藏族传统文化中的工巧明分类而言,又可以分为身工巧、语工巧、意工巧。那么,藏传佛教音乐便可归入语工巧之中,世称藏传佛教六十种梵音,乃是用深如雷音、美妙悦耳、赏心可意、悠扬明晰和入耳中听的佛音五支来赞颂诸佛菩萨之殊胜功德。     

小学低年级学生自我监控与监控他人的发展研究

元认知监控包括自我监控和监控他人。本研究用两个实验分别探讨了小学低年级学生自我监控和监控他人之间的关系及其发展趋势。实验一采用100以内加减法的计算任务,来探讨小学低年级学生的自我监测和监测他人。实验二采用难度不同、分值不同的计算任务,来探讨学生的自我控制和控制他人。研究发现:第一,小学低年级学生的自我监测和监测他人都会以前期任务表现为依据,支持MPT假说。而且,自我监测和监测他人都在二年级表现出了明显的转化和提高。第二,小学低年级学生在监测他人时,逐渐由以自我信息为依据调整到以他人认知状态为依据。第三,元认知控制能力的发展落后于监测能力。二年级和三年级学生仍旧不能很合理地进行自我执行和计划他人。