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61.
This article examines the theoretical basis of decision-making deficits exhibited by cocaine abusers in a laboratory decision-making
task first described by Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, and Anderson (1994). A total of 12 male cocaine abusers and 14 comparison
subjects performed the task, and the cocaine group performed significantly worse than the comparison group. A cognitive modeling
analysis (Busemeyer & Stout, 2002) was used to estimate three parameters that measure importance of the cognitive, motivational,
and response processes for determining the observed performance deficit. The results of this analysis indicated, for the first
time, that motivational and choice consistency factors, but not learning/ memory were mainly responsible for the decision-making
deficit of the cocaine abusers in this task. 相似文献
62.
The authors explored the temporal mechanism of attention deficit in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In rapid serial visual presentation tasks in which two targets (T-sub-1 and T-sub-2) were presented in close temporal proximity among distractors, participants tried to identify T-sub-1 and detect T-sub-2 in one (dual-task) experiment and only to detect T-sub-2 in a second control (single-task) experiment. The sensitivity of T-sub-2 detection was analyzed using signal detection theory. The attentional blink--the impairment in T-sub-2 detection following the identification of T-sub-1--was increased in magnitude and protracted in the patients. Moreover, some ADHD children appeared to have a blink largely normal in magnitude but temporally displaced toward a later time. The authors hypothesize that a slower closing of the attention gate may mediate this specific attention impairment in ADHD children. 相似文献
63.
The purpose of this study was to explore adolescents' perceptions and attitudes regarding the Internet, by gender. Data were collected from 636 high school students in Taiwan. It was found that male adolescents perceived the Internet more as a "toy," while female adolescents perceived the Internet more as a "technology," "tool" or "tour." Results indicated that females held more pragmatic views of the Internet, whereas males believed they could obtain more enjoyment from the Internet. In addition, males expressed significantly more positive attitudes than did females on two aspects of the Internet: usefulness and perceived control. However, no significant gender differences were found in terms of the affection and behavior aspects of using the Internet. More importantly, females tended to show higher Internet self-efficacy than did males. It is suggested that gender differences regarding the Internet might be narrowing because female adolescents are acquiring more experience with it. 相似文献
64.
A problem with interpretations of differences in mathematic achievement between students from Asian countries and those from the United States is the seemingly implicit assumption of the cultural homogeneity of Asian societies. Researchers rarely measure the effects of variables within cultures that are hypothesized to be related to differences across cultures. In the present study, the authors examined the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and quality of instruction on Chinese students' (1st, 3rd, and 5th grades) understanding of distance, time, and speed. The results indicated that (a) low SES in China can impede the development of children's mathematical cognition and (b) higher SES does not guarantee better performance. The implication is that the gap in mathematical performance between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged children can be narrowed or even eliminated through instructional practices that focus on the systematic training of children's mathematical thinking. 相似文献
65.
Limits on theory of mind use in adults 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
66.
Effects of experience on fetal voice recognition 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kisilevsky BS Hains SM Lee K Xie X Huang H Ye HH Zhang K Wang Z 《Psychological science》2003,14(3):220-224
Abstract - The ability of human fetuses to recognize their own mother's voice was examined. Sixty term fetuses were assigned to one of two conditions during which they were exposed to a tape recording of their mother or a female stranger reading a passage. Voice stimuli were delivered through a loudspeaker held approximately 10 cm above the maternal abdomen and played at an average of 95 dB SPL. Each condition consisted of three 2-min periods: no stimulus, voice (mother or stranger), and no stimulus. Fetal heart rate increased in response to the mother's voice and decreased in response to the stranger's; both responses were sustained for 4 min. The finding of differential behavior in response to a familiar versus a novel voice provides evidence that experience influences fetal voice processing. It supports an epigenetic model of speech perception, presuming an interaction between genetic expression of neural development and species-specific experience. 相似文献
67.
68.
汉字词识别过程的形,音,义编码作用的研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文通过两个实验,采用汉字词形、音、义特征匹配任务,探讨了影响汉字词的形、音、义编码与提取方式的有关因素。实验一发现在速示条件下,对汉字词再认的成绩并不受字词的使用度的影响,反应时无明显变化,而主要受编码加工的深度影响。在形、音、义特征加工中,对音码的加工时间最长,再认的正确率最低;义码的加工时间较短,再认正确率最高;形码的反应时及再认成绩介于音码与义码之间。实验二在非速示条件下也获得了相同的结果。研究结果表明,在汉字词的形、音、义特征中,存在着编码加工深度的差异。 相似文献
69.
短时作业中警戒绩效影响因素的实验研究:兼用信号检测论分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文研究了短时(1小时内)作业中警戒绩效的一些影响因素。实验采用EP710警戒仪,研究了短时作业中时间、信号密度(信噪比)以及信号显著性(占空比)对警戒绩效的影响。使用的方法为信号检测论。因变量指标为辨别力指数d’和判断标准B。结果发现,作业时间和占空比对警戒绩效没有影响,信噪比对辨别力指数d’有影响但对判断标准B没有影响。结果提示,在短时作业中,信噪比对警戒绩效起显著作用. 相似文献
70.
There is a common-sense view of language, which is held by Wittgenstein, Strawson Dummett, Searle, Putnam, Lewis, Wiggins,
and others. According to this view a language consists of conventions, it is rule-governed, rules are conventionalised, a
language is learnt, there are general learning mechanisms in the brain, and so on. I shall call this view the ‘ordinary language’
view of language. Chomsky’s attitude towards this view of language has been rather negative, and his rejection of it is a
major motivation for the development of his own theory. In this paper I shall review Chomsky’s long-standing criticisms. I
shall show that (1)Chomsky’s argument does not constitute a dismissal of the ‘ordinarylanguage’ view of language, (2) Chomsky’s
conclusions about language do not follow from his argument, and (3) the ‘ordinary language’ view actually points to a promising
way for us to understand the true nature of language and mind.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献