笛卡尔的直观理论新探

直观概念在笛卡尔的认识论中具有重要的地位,直观是人类"良知"的最基本的体现,是整个科学认识活动的基础,直观的明见性和确定性也正是科学知识最全面的标准。笛卡尔的直观知识以及在此基础上构建起来的别的科学知识,在一定的程度上仅仅是认识当中的关于事物的知识,都是人类的理智观照之下的东西,而不是事物本身的真实状况。在直观的基础上形成的知识是绝对的知识,在这个意义上,直观的知识"我思我在"并不是偶然的,并不仅仅具有一种莱布尼兹所称的"感觉的直接性"。     

当代福建佛教慈善组织运行模式剖析

本论文以厦门南普陀寺慈善会、厦门同心慈善会和福建省佛教协会佛教教育基金委员会等三个佛教慈善组织为重点,对它们的慈善活动开展和组织运行机制进行剖析,比较其组织特点和发展优势,并将三者分别归纳为"救济型慈善"、"服务型慈善"和"弘法型慈善"三种类型。以这三个佛教组织进行考察,不仅可以反映出福建佛教慈善的基本状况,而且可以代表不同类型的佛教组织运行机制特点,从而揭示我国佛教慈善组织的发展面貌。     

SPENDING WELL: HOW TIME PERSPECTIVES IMPACT CONSUMER VALUES AND FINANCIAL DECISIONS AMONG MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS

The current research extends the time perspective literature by exploring the relationships between time perspectives and financial outcomes across several adult age groups. In combining various demographically diverse samples, our study includes a total of 9,065 adults that completed some form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). We found that people who are Future-oriented tend to have more responsible financial lifestyles. On the other hand, Past-Negative, Present-Hedonism, and Past-Fatalism orientations are associated with more detrimental financial lifestyles. Thus, the greater the deviation from a balanced time perspective middle-aged adults were, the (1) more they reported being materialistic, (2) more impulsive, compulsive, and conspicuous they were when shopping, and (3) less financially secure they felt. Also, our mediation models revealed that increased impulsive buying, compulsive buying, and conspicuous consumption partially mediated the negative relation between Past-Negative and financial security. However, decreased conspicuous consumption partially mediated the positive relation between Future and financial risk tolerance. We discuss potential ways to shape individual time perspectives, the developmental implications for time perspectives, consumer profiles, and well-being, as well as limitations.     

外层空间探索利用中的角色冲突与道德抉择

人在一定道德意识支配下的道德抉择往往需要在价值冲突中进行,外层空间探索利用中的价值冲突本质上是由国家利益与人类共同利益发生冲突而引发的.本文针对外空探索利用中的政治家、科学家及其共同体、航天员及太空产业运营商等不同主体,剖析了其在面对不同角色冲突时的道德抉择困惑.     

国内外药品不合理使用的类型、程度及原因分析

不合理用药是在全世界所有国家都存在的问题,已经日益引起各国关注,导致不合理用药主要原因是药品供需双方面的.本文通过文献分析,综述了国内外合理用药促进措施以及目前开展的关于不合理用药的研究,从供需双方分析了不合理用药的类型,程度以及其影响因素.     

Investigating the actor effect in moral emotion expectancies across cultures: A comparison of Chinese and Canadian adolescents

The study investigated adolescents' moral emotion expectancies for actions versus inactions across cultures (Chinese vs. Canadian) and different moral rule contexts (rules that prohibit antisocial behaviour vs. rules that prescribe prosocial actions) while controlling for judgements of obligatoriness of moral actions. The sample consisted of 372 teenagers from three grade levels (7–8, 10–11, and 1st–2nd year university). Participants were provided with scenarios depicting moral and immoral actions of self or others. Moral emotion expectancies were assessed following each scenario by asking participants to rate the intensity of various emotions they anticipate for themselves in the given situation. Actions were related to stronger self‐evaluative and other‐evaluative moral emotion expectancies than inactions in both cultures. Whereas perceived obligatoriness of moral actions was associated with moral emotion expectancies, it did not account for the actor effect. Moreover, Chinese adolescents tended to report stronger negatively charged other‐evaluative emotions when observing others engaging in antisocial behaviour and less positive emotions for moral actions. Overall, the study indicates that moral emotion expectancies hinge upon universal moral principles (as exemplified by the actor effect) that interact with cultural values and individuals' moral judgement in complex ways.     

当代中国社会的宗教信仰和人际信任

许多研究均认为中国社会中的人际信任是一种差序格局的模式。本文将人际信任具体区分为亲缘信任、熟人信任和外人信任,指出信任水平从亲缘、熟人到外人依次降低,并且宗教信仰对不同的人际信任类型具有显著的影响作用。对2007年居民文化生活调查数据的分析表明,无论哪一种宗教信仰归属都不会显著增强亲缘信任和熟人信任的水平,比如佛教徒、道教徒的亲缘信任、熟人信任水平显著低于无信仰者;但是宗教信仰可以显著增强普遍的外人信任,比如佛、道教和基督宗教都能显著提高外人信任;宗教信仰的重要性和宗教活动参与频率也能够提高信任水平。另外,基督宗教比佛、道教具有更高的教内信任程度。