Clergy Burnout: A Comparison Study with Other Helping Professions

Clergy experience a large number of stressors in their work, including role overload and emotional labor. Although studies have found high rates of depression in clergy, the degree of work-related burnout in clergy compared to other occupations is unknown. The widely used Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) measures three aspects of burnout: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. We sought studies using comparable versions of the MBI for clergy; for social workers, counselors, and teachers because of those occupations’ emotional intensity and labor; and for police and emergency personnel because of the unpredictability and stress-related physiological arousal in those occupations. We found a total of 84 studies and compared the ranges of burnout scores between the studies of clergy, each additional occupation, and MBI published mean norms. Compared to U.S. norms, clergy exhibited moderate rates of burnout. Across the three kinds of burnout, clergy scores were relatively better than those of police and emergency personnel, similar to those of social workers and teachers, and worse than those of counselors. Clergy may benefit from burnout prevention strategies used by counselors. The moderate levels of burnout found for clergy, despite the numerous stressors associated with their occupation, suggest that clergy generally cope well and may be models to study. Overall, there is room for improvement in burnout for all professions, especially police and emergency personnel. It is important to remember the variation within any profession, including clergy, and prevent and address burnout for those in need.     

贫富群体心理融合中的“道德突显现象”

目的:以中国传统的财富观和刻板印象内容模型为理论基础,采用实验法,探讨道德、热情和能力在贫富心理融合中的作用。方法:613名社会人士参加了实验,两个实验分别操作了穷人和富人身份。结果:无论对穷人还是富人的心理融合,道德、热情和能力三个因素对心理融合的主效应都显著,且道德因素的效应值最大。这表明,人们对贫富群体的心理融合存在"道德突显效应",即道德因素在人们对穷人和富人的心理融合过程中起到重要作用。     

Detection of Threats under Inattentional Blindness and Perceptual Load

Inattentional blindness refers to the failure to detect the salient unexpected stimuli in one’s visual field when performing an attention-demanding task. The present study examined the detection of threats in a static inattentional blindness paradigm. And the detection rates of evolutionary and ontogenetic threats were compared. Participants counted the number of color words from among three (low load) or six (high load) items presented in a circular array. On the last of six trials, an unexpected threatening/neutral illustration was presented in the center of the array along with the task stimuli. Participants detection of the illustration were thus measured and analyzed. The results suggested that: (1) the threatening stimuli, both evolutionary and ontogenetic, were detected more frequently than non-threatening stimuli; (2) the unexpected illustrations were identified more frequently under low-load condition than under high-load condition; (3) even under high-load situation, the threatening illustrations were more frequently identified than neutral ones. Threats are more likely to be detected under inattentional blindness and perceptual load.     

中学生社会支持对数学学习坚持性的影响:数学自我效能感的中介作用

以北京市通州区一所普通中学的228名初一和初二学生为被试,采用领悟社会支持量表、数学自我效能感和数学学习坚持性问卷,考察在中学生数学学习中不同来源的社会支持对数学学习坚持性的影响,并检验数学自我效能感在其中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)社会支持中的教师支持和同伴支持能够显著正向预测数学学习坚持性水平,而父母支持的预测作用不显著;(2)数学自我效能感在同伴支持和数学学习坚持性之间起完全中介作用,在教师支持和数学学习坚持性之间起部分中介作用。     

预防性抗生素使用的策略与决策

探讨预防性抗生素使用时应考虑的一些问题,包括循症医学、诱导细菌耐药性、药效学和药物经济学等,供临床医生在使用预防性抗生素治疗前进行决策时参考,以期达到最佳的治疗目标。     

行为遗传学研究之新进展

自上世纪80年代以来,行为遗传学取得了长足的进展。在定量遗传学方面,共享环境和非共享环境概念的引入深化了人们对环境作用的认识;对于环境和遗传关系,不仅认识到基因型-环境的交互作用可能存在三种形式,还揭示出遗传对环境测量的影响——基因型-环境的相关。分子遗传学作为新兴的研究途径,目前以寻找基因为主,将来则以认识基因如何工作为重。行为遗传学的发展前景将是定量遗传学和分子遗传学以行为基因组学为中心的整合。     

心理学史教学与历史性思维的培养

历史性思维是指站在历史角度对历史事实进行综合分析的理论思维能力。作为一门史型课程,心理学史有其自身的特点,在培养学生历史性思维的过程中也会发挥重要作用,利用比较法、以心理学史的知识为载体以及重新建构心理学史的知识体系都是培养学生历史性思维的途径和方式。     

中学生英语学习策略水平及其与英语学业成绩的相关研究

本研究运用《学生学习策略评价表》对安徽省两所中学的239名学生进行调查,考察中学生的英语学习策略水平及其与英语学业成绩的关系.结果发现:(1)中学生英语学习中经常使用的学习策略多集中于认知和调控策略.(2)省示范高中与一般中学学生在英语学习策略存在显著差异.性别上则不存在显著差异.(3)中学生的英语学习策略及其认知和调控策略与学生学业成绩之间呈显著正相关,交际和资源策略与学生的学业成绩则没有显著相关.     

中国消费者价格容忍度的特点

运用多维线性模型,对我国消费者对不同产品价格涨落的容忍态度进行了研究。研究对象为26384名购买过各类产品的消费者。结果表明：（1）消费者对不同产品的价格容忍度不同,对日用消费品的价格容忍度较高,对耐用消费品的价格容忍度相对较低;（2）消费者的年龄和受教育程度对价格容忍度有负向的影响,消费者的年龄和受教育程度越高,对产品的价格容忍度越低;（3）男性消费者的价格容忍度高于女性消费者,女性消费者对价格较为敏感。