非政府组织:一种新的上层建筑形式

非政府组织是与政府组织不同的另一类社会治理组织,属一种新的上层建筑形式。非政府组织与联合国和各国政府部门既有密切联系又持有一定距离,既包括政治倾向较强的组织,也包括非盈利组织。非政府组织迅猛发展的根本原因在于它能有效地解决社会生活中存在着政府失灵和市场所带来的诸多问题,促进社会经济,政治和文化的协调发展,对社会的平衡和安定具有极大的作用。     

汉传佛乐传承体系初探

我国汉传佛乐在当代仍保留着诸多古代音乐传统,这在我国传统音乐中颇具特色,如当今常见的盂兰盆法会、水陆法会等已流传近千年;而明清时随寺庙间交流而传入各地的梵呗,至今依然与原生地保持着一致。[1]汉传佛乐之所以能够历经千年而流传至今,很可能拥有一套独特的传承体系。     

中庸工作重塑研究

采用中庸思想作为研究的理论基础,建构中庸工作重塑概念,并应用于工作要求-资源模型检验其构思效度。在288名医务人员中探索中庸工作重塑的结构,在178名医务人员中验证结构,并探讨中庸工作重塑在工作要求或工作资源与工作投入及工作倦怠之间的中介效应。研究结果发现,中庸工作重塑是由个体取向和群体取向构成的两维结构的工作重塑。其中,在工作要求-资源模型的压力机制中,人们通过工作重塑来降低工作要求引致的工作倦怠,促进工作投入;而在其激励机制中,人们通过工作重塑会增强工作资源的激励作用,促进工作投入。     

中国历史研究的地域视野

中国拥有"上下五千年"连续的文明历史,"纵横一万里"复杂的地理空间.复杂的地理空间,使得各别体量的地域之间,自古至今存在着自然与人文的种种差异,并孕育出或显或隐、或鲜明或模糊的地域意识、地域特色.由此,研究中国历史,自当重视地理空间的差异与地域历史的过程.在中国,特别关注地理空间的学科是历史地理学;而通过历史地理学尤其是区域历史地理学的地域思维,追寻各别地域形成的历史过程,观照其共同传统,解释地域之间的差异,研究不同地域的冲突与融合,可以建立起区别于"狭义"历史学的、研究与解释中国历史的新体系.除了历史地理学外,狭义的当今中国历史学也越来越重视"地域"研究.这样的研究,又可分别为两类:一类是揭示地域意识或地域面貌的研究,其"地域"从历时的过程看,范围并不确定,内容也在变化之中,而研究的目的,部分的在于明确"地域"由远而近的范围盈缩之变与内容因时之变;另一类关涉历史的"地域"研究,或被径称为"地域学",它致力于研究确定"地域"的时间过程与内容结构,其操作步骤或技术方法,往往是由近而远的追溯式研究.     

《四库全书总目》释家类、道家类补正

《四库全书总目》由于种种原因,存在着诸多问题。前辈学者对之已多所纠正。本文现就其子部释家类、道家类的疏漏和讹误,再补正若干则。     

Altering element interactivity and variability in example-practice sequences to enhance learning to write Chinese characters

The isolated elements and variability effects of cognitive load theory were used to alter the element interactivity of Chinese characters when instructing novice learners (72 overseas students at a Chinese university) in writing characters using worked examples-practice procedures. A group of characters with more than eight strokes was disassembled into three individual components. Students were required to trace examples and practice writing of either similar sequences of isolated components followed by integrated components of full characters (Isolated–Integrated sequences); variable sequences of isolated followed by integrated components (Variability–Integrated sequences); or conventional Integrated–Integrated sequences of full characters. It was hypothesized that the fully integrated stroke-movements form of example-practice sequences would result in less learning due to a greater cognitive load. The results demonstrated that the participants in both the Isolated–Integrated and Variable–Integrated groups performed significantly better than the Integrated–Integrated group with the Variable–Integrated group outperforming the Isolated–Integrated group.     

过去时间的心理结构

４０８名大学生被试用秒、分、小时、日、星期、年和月７个时间单位和模糊统计试验方法对４０个不定的过去时间修饰词作经验赋值,结果显示：（１）过去时间和未来时间在心理结构上是对称的,分为三个心理时间段,即以秒和分为计时单位的“较近的过去”和“较近的未来”,以小时、日和月为计时单位的“近的过去”和“近的未来”,和以年为计时单位的“远的过去”和“远的未来”。（２）随着时间修饰词的词义离现在由近至远,其词义地     

Understanding attraction in formal mentoring relationships from an affective perspective

Despite the critical role affect can play in mentoring, a type of close relationships in the workplace, affect has not received much attention in existing mentoring research. Drawing upon Byrne's affect-centered model of attraction, we examined the relationships among mentors' moods during their interaction with protégés, mentors' liking of protégés, and mentoring support received by protégés. Moreover, we also examined the moderating effect of protégés' emotional intelligence (EI) on the relationship between mentors' moods and liking. Based on data collected from 237 ongoing formal mentoring dyads, we found that mentors' positive moods were positively related, and negative moods were negatively related, to mentoring support received through mentors' liking. Furthermore, protégés' EI only moderated the positive relationship between mentors' positive moods and liking such that the positive relationship was stronger for protégés low on EI. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.     

The Effect of General Creative Personality and Freedom of Task Choice on Adolescents' Social Creativity

This study investigated the effect of general creative personality and freedom of task choice on the social creativity of adolescents. The results indicated, first, that senior high school students scored higher than junior high school students. Second, girls scored higher than boys on originality, fluency, flexibility, appropriateness, and utility with regard to creative social problem‐solving. Third, freedom of task choice and its interaction with creative personality had significant effects on the originality, appropriateness, utility, flexibility, and fluency of social creativity. Adolescents who completed the task voluntarily scored higher on these dimensions than adolescents who completed it reluctantly and, among the voluntary adolescents, those with high and medium creative personality scored higher than those with low creative personality, whereas no such difference was found among the reluctant adolescents. Adolescents were more likely to show social creativity, and their general creative personality was more likely to be brought into effect under the freedom of task choice condition.