Lightweight relevance filtering for machine-generated resolution problems

Irrelevant clauses in resolution problems increase the search space, making proofs hard to find in a reasonable amount of processor time. Simple relevance filtering methods, based on counting symbols in clauses, improve the success rate for a variety of automatic theorem provers and with various initial settings. We have designed these techniques as part of a project to link automatic theorem provers to the interactive theorem prover Isabelle. We have tested them for problems involving thousands of clauses, which yield poor results without filtering. Our methods should be applicable to other tasks where the resolution problems are produced mechanically and where completeness is less important than achieving a high success rate with limited processor time.     

寿星老人考

寿星老人与道教神系中的"南极老人""南极长生大帝"等无关,唐玄宗将寿星之祀设于君王诞辰节日举行之后,寿星才在晚唐时期成为道教神仙,并与生日习俗密切相关。北宋初期君王诞辰节日出现了献寿星图为贺礼的生日习俗,寿星图上的神仙还不是寿星老人。生日习俗中的寿星图发展成为生日之人的画像,寿星老人的形象由此在北宋中期出现。苏轼的《佛寿图》揭示了寿星老人的形象来源于作佛的画像为寿星图,该形象可能基于当时十八罗汉的佛教造像。     

短时记忆中的范畴组织和通道组织的比较

本文通过设置不同的线索条件对短时记忆中范畴组织和通道组织进行了比较研究。实验采用了通道线索组、范围线索组和混合线索组三种条件,并设置了五种词表比例。在通道线索组中,每个词表是同范畴字词,但一半用视觉呈现,一半用听觉呈现;在范畴线索组中,两类词分属两个不同的词义范畴,但以相同通道呈现;在混合线索组中,两类不同范畴的词,各有一半分别用视觉和听觉呈现。结果表明在三种线索条件下,ＡＲＣ分值差异显著,表现为     

《致外省人信札》与中国礼仪之争——从决疑论角度试析帕斯卡尔对耶稣会士在华传教策略的解读

詹森派是对耶稣会在华传教活动进行攻击的主要力量之一,其影响主要局限于西方基督教世界,帕斯卡尔的<致外省人信札>则是双方激烈论战的重要文献.本文以帕斯卡尔信札中涉及中国礼仪的一段文字为切入点,结合詹森派和耶稣会双方各自的神学观点和道德神学立场,尝试剖析帕斯卡尔代表的詹森派攻击耶稣会在华传教活动背后的思想因素,希有助于加深对中国礼仪之争历史的了解.     

卢梭《论科学与艺术》中的"伦理的理性主义"

虽然卢梭是18世纪法国启蒙运动的重要代表,但是,当其他启蒙思想家对理性、文明、科学、进步充满赞美时,卢梭却在《论科学与艺术》中敏锐地觉察到了被神化的科学理性所隐含的危险,揭示了科学的进步与道德风尚之间的深刻矛盾.尽管他对科学伤风败俗的指责并不严谨,但却以"伦理的理性主义"的视角触及了启蒙时代的重要问题.这不但成为他后来学说的出发点,也开启了启蒙运动对唯科学主义的自我反思.     

山西道教历史发展特点析论

道教在山西的传播,经过北魏寇谦之改革道教之后得到迅猛的发展。隋唐王朝对山西道教大力扶持,使山西道教渐呈兴盛之势。宋元明清以来山西道教发展连续不断。山西道教的发展,具有明显的四大特点,即历史发展的连续性、道教人物的众多性、道教场所的普遍性、道教艺术的多样性。     

论乔纳森·海特的社会直觉主义理论

社会直觉主义是当代美国社会心理学家乔纳森.海特提出的一种较为系统的道德心理学理论,在道德心理学、道德哲学和政治文化研究领域有一定的影响。这一理论主要包括两个组成部分,一是关于道德判断的工作模式,一是关于道德的来源。社会直觉主义有许多值得关注和借鉴的成分,同时也存在一些需要进一步反思和研究的问题。     

Do workers who experience conflict between the work and family domains hit a “glass ceiling?”: A meta-analytic examination

Based in Conservation of Resources (COR; Hobfoll, 1989) and self-verification (Swann, 1987) theories, we argue that when workers experience conflict between the work and family domains, this should have implications for evaluations of their work performance and ultimately affect more “objective” career outcomes such as salary and hierarchical level attained, as well as the attitudinal outcome of career satisfaction. Our meta-analysis of 96 studies, for a combined sample size of 32,783, found that both work-to-family conflict (WFC) as well as family-to-work conflict (FWC) negatively impacted self-rated as well as manager-rated work performance. And our structural equation model found that WFC and FWC were negatively related to career satisfaction and hierarchical level attained. But while WFC was negatively related to salary, FWC was positively related to salary.     

When mixed options are preferred in multiple‐trial decisions

We report three studies showing that in prospective multiple‐trial decisions people often select a mix of sure and risky options over pure bundles of either option. Such a preference is not ‘rational’ because a mixed option cannot be the EV‐maximizing choice. Experiment 1 confirmed a mixed‐option preference for gains but not for losses. Showing a graph of the multiple‐trial outcome distribution reduced but did not eliminate this effect, suggesting that it is not due purely to a failure to aggregate correctly over the multiple trials. Experiment 2 replicated the mixed option preference using a wider range of problems. Experiment 3 compared choices in the trinary choice conditions used in Experiments 1 and 2 with binary choices between pairs of the multiple‐trial sure, mixed, and risky options. In the binary choice condition the mixed option was no longer the modal choice, suggesting that the strong mixed option preference found in the trinary choice conditions is mainly due to a compromise effect. However, the binary choice probabilities did show violations of strong stochastic transitivity in a pattern that suggested a slight bias toward the mixed option. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

文本阅读中情境模型建构和更新的机制

采用移动窗口阅读技术探讨了文本阅读中情境模型建构和更新的机制。实验材料按照特征描述与目标行为 的关系总体上分为可能、不可能和重新可能三个版本。实验1主要探讨了文章开始部分有明显的焦点信息时情境模 型建构和更新的机制,检验了更新追随假设的合理性;实验2主要探讨了文章开始部分没有明显的焦点信息时情境 模型建构和更新的机制,检验了记忆基础文本加工理论的合理性;实验3使用再认探测任务,进一步检验了更新追 随假设和记忆基础文本加工理论的差异。实验结果表明,文本阅读中情境模型的建构和更新是一个双加工过程,在 自然阅读过程中,读者根据所阅读的信息不同会产生不同的信息加工活动,既会有记忆基础文本加工理论所支持的 协调性整合,也会有建构主义的更新追随假设所支持的焦点整合