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161.
Optimism across cultures: In response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Li-Jun Ji Zhiyong Zhang Esther Usborne Yanjun Guan 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2004,7(1):25-34
Based on our early research, we predicted that the Chinese may be more optimistic and less pessimistic than North Americans in response to negative life events. A survey was conducted to investigate optimism cross culturally in the context of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreaks in Canada and China. Chinese students in Beijing and European Canadians in Toronto answered questions about their perceptions of SARS. No significant cultural difference was found on dispositional optimism, as measured by the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Unrealistic optimism was measured in the context of SARS. Both groups demonstrated unrealistic optimism (i.e. reporting that the self was less likely than an average person to get infected with SARS). Such optimistic bias was stronger among Chinese than among Canadians. Compared to the actual infection rates in Beijing and Toronto, both Chinese and Canadian participants overestimated their own chances of getting infected, indicating that they were being pessimistic. Indeed, Chinese were less pessimistic than Canadians. In addition, even though the Chinese reported more inconvenience brought by SARS than did Canadians, they also reported more positive changes brought by SARS, reflecting the Chinese dialectical views of events. Implications for research on optimism in context are discussed. 相似文献
162.
分部评分模型与其它几种多级模型的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
项目反应理论(IRT)是当前教育与心理测量领域的一个重大进展,也日益成为当今测验领域的一个热点。本文对IRT理论中的二个重要评分模型PCM与GPCM作了简要的介绍。并较详细地对PCM与GPCM模型的逻辑结构及其适用范围进行了论述,指出了它们与其它几种重要模型之间的关系及不同之处。 相似文献
163.
对惯用语理解的发展 ,是儿童语言发展的重要方面。本研究结果表明 ,在无语境条件下 ,中小学生对惯用语的理解年级差异显著 ,小学生和中学生差异较大 ,而小学和中学各年级内部差异不显著。学生对惯用语是先理解字面意义 ,再理解比喻意义。在有语境条件下 ,不同年级学生对惯用语的理解差异显著 ,惯用语语义倾向性的影响不显著 ,但语境对学生惯用语理解有重要影响 ,高年级学生能更好地利用语境。 相似文献
164.
国际疾病分类(ICD)是目前国际公认的卫生信息标准分类,但是由于我国的ICD分类工作开展的时间还不是很长,推广还不够广泛和深入,目前我国应用ICD分类还存在很多问题,ICD分类质量有待进一步提高和完善,加强临床医师的ICD分类知识培训和编码人员的专业培训及责任心教育是提高ICD分类质量的重要途径。 相似文献
165.
Li Li Chunqing Lin Guoping Ji Stephanie Sun Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(1):93-101
In China, HIV shifts the lifestyle of not only parents living with HIV/AIDS, but also their children, partners, and extended
families. We examined factors related to the quality of life of parents living with HIV and the relation between family functioning
and individual quality of life. Interviews were conducted with a total of 116 parents living with HIV/AIDS. Analyses of variance,
Pearson correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relation between family functioning and
quality of life. We found a significant association between family functioning and individual quality of life for parents
living with HIV. In particular, family sociability had a strong relationship with the quality of life of parents living with
HIV. Parents living with HIV from families where both parents are HIV-positive reported a lower level of family sociability
than those from families with only one HIV-positive parent. HIV disclosure, family sociability, and number of children per
family were found to be significant predictors of overall quality of life for the population. Study findings underscore the
importance of developing interventions that improve family functioning for people living with HIV/AIDS in China. 相似文献
166.
The consensus definition of autonomy in the psychological literature emphasizes self-governance through free volition, not separation or independence from others. Since the concept of self may differ cross-culturally, several researchers have tried to incorporate types of self into the notion of autonomy; however, only the dual model of autonomy has been able to do this while retaining an emphasis on volition. The dual model describes two distinct forms of autonomy-individuating and relating-each with superior function in a specific domain of individual functioning. Individuating autonomy represents a volitional capacity to act against social constraints and offers a route to achieve an independent self-identity by expressing individualistic attributes and distinctions. Relating autonomy represents a volitional capacity to act by emphasizing the harmony of self-in-relation-to-others, the quality of interpersonal relationships, and self-transcendence. These two forms of autonomy have been shown to coexist at the individual level in a Taiwanese sample. This study takes the next step, with a cross-cultural test of the coexistence and domain superiority hypotheses of individuating and relating autonomy. Participants included 306 college students from Taiwan and 183 college students from the United States. Structural equation modelling by multigroup analyses confirmed the cross-cultural equivalence of the two-factor individuating autonomy and relating autonomy measurement model. Across both samples the two forms of autonomy were shown to be mutually inclusive and not exclusive or independent. The domain-superior function of each form of autonomy was also confirmed cross-culturally; each form of autonomy has a dominant, but not necessarily exclusive, domain of functioning. Specifically, individuating autonomy was more associated with intrapersonal than interpersonal domain dependent variables, while relating autonomy was more associated with interpersonal than intrapersonal domain dependent variables. Limitations of the study and considerations for future research are discussed. 相似文献
167.
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169.
The same isochronous tone sequence was presented simultaneously to two mutually isolated subjects. In half the trials, accentuation in this sequence was accomplished by doubling the duration of the first and then of every fourth tone; in the other half, by doubling the frequency of those tones. The subjects’ task was to follow the rhythm of the resulting four-tone patterns by finger tapping to tone onsets. There were four auditory feedback (FB) conditions: (1) no FB; (2) FB from the subject’s own motor responses; (3) “alien” FB from the motor responses of the other pair member who, in turn, was listening to FB from his/her own tapping; (4) mutually “crossed” FB, where each pair member listened to FB from the tapping of the other. Tap onsets regularly preceded stimulus onsets. The observed order of the amount of this anticipation (from least to greatest) was: (1) own FB, (2) no FB, (3) alien FB, and (4) crossed FB. No mutual dynamic influence between simultaneously performing subjects was-detected. Anticipation was more pronounced for sequences that were accentuated by frequency rather than by duration changes. The type of accent also influenced timing of intertap intervals in the rhythmic patterns. For the frequency accent, regular timing was produced, whereas for the durational accent, shortening of the second and lengthening of the fourth (the last) intertap interval were observed. The presence and source of feedback as well as the character of accentuation are therefore relevant factors in the timing of auditorally controlled rhythmic motor behavior. 相似文献
170.
It takes longer to detect a target if it is the initial letter of a nonredundant letter string such as BNHTW than if it is the initial letter of a redundant letter string such as BBBBB (Johnson, 1986b; Johnson & Blum, 1988). The results of the present study reveal that the redundancy effect also occurs for mixed-case letters strings (e.g., BbbBb) and digit strings (e.g., 22222). In addition, these results suggest that the cause of the redundancy effect is not related to the visual properties of the noninitial letters per se but is instead related to the presence of the target in noninitial positions. Together, these results rule out a number of hypotheses about the cause of the redundancy effect and suggest that the locus of this effect is in processes involved in response selection and/or the read-out of information from the perceptual system. 相似文献