Changes in boundary extension effect during spatial confinement

Changes in perception during space missions are usually attributed to microgravity. However, additional factors, such as spatial confinement, may contribute to changes in perception. We tested changes in scene perception using a boundary extension (BE) paradigm during a 105-day Earth-based space-simulation study. In addition to the close-up/wide-angle views used in BE, we presented two types of scenes based on the distance from the observer (proximal/distant scenes). In crew members (n = 6), we found that BE partly increased over time, but the size of BE error did not change in the control group (n = 22). We propose that this effect is caused by an increasing BE effect in stimuli that depict distant scenes and is related to spatial confinement. The results might be important for other situations of spatial confinement with restricted visual depth (e.g., submarine crew, patients confined to a bed). Generally, we found a larger BE effect in proximal scenes compared with the distant scenes. We also demonstrated that with no feedback, subjects preserve the level of the BE effect during repeated measurements.     

鼓室注射类固醇激素治疗难治性突发性感音神经性聋方法的比较与分析

目前对于难治性突发性感音神经性聋治疗的临床研究主要为鼓室内局部激素的使用。本文通过检索国内报道的相关文献,采用比较治疗学的原理对其疗效及安全性进行比较和分析,旨在寻求一种较为有效、安全的鼓室给药方法,为临床治疗决策提供有效的证据,以提高难治性突聋的治疗效果。     

稷下学宫的兴衰及其对当前用人机制改革的启示

作为战国时期齐国著名的高等学府,稷下学宫的兴衰与田齐政权的存亡相始终,在它一百五十年的兴衰史中,稷下学宫创造了一个诸子蜂起、百家争鸣的局面,不仅促进了古代文化、教育、学术的繁荣发展,也以其独特的人才培养模式、出色的教育典范对后世产生了深远影响。稷下学宫在养士、用士方面的创造性举措,对我国人才队伍建设、用人机制改革具有重要的参考价值。本文结合稷下学宫的历史经验,从制度层面上分析了其对当前我国人才选择、培养、管理工作中的启示、借鉴意义。     

心理咨询助人问题的探究

心理咨询在现代社会中,起着越来越大的作用,改善和提高了人们的心理健康水平,本文旨在加深对心理咨询含义的理解。首先对心理咨询的涵义做了探讨,进一步分析了心理咨询助人的含义,分别从心理咨询助人的基础,助人的方式,助人的目标做了阐释。最后探讨了咨询师的价值观与方法论对心理咨询可能产生的影响。心理咨询是心灵层面的沟通,通过体验关怀,达到来访者的心灵成长。咨询师对心理咨询的本质理解以及不同的咨询价值观和方法论都对心理咨询起着深远的影响。     

Relational Priming Based on a Multiplicative Schema for Whole Numbers and Fractions

Why might it be (at least sometimes) beneficial for adults to process fractions componentially? Recent research has shown that college‐educated adults can capitalize on the bipartite structure of the fraction notation, performing more successfully with fractions than with decimals in relational tasks, notably analogical reasoning. This study examined patterns of relational priming for problems with fractions in a task that required arithmetic computations. College students were asked to judge whether or not multiplication equations involving fractions were correct. Some equations served as structurally inverse primes for the equation that immediately followed it (e.g., 4 × 3/4 = 3 followed by 3 × 8/6 = 4). Students with relatively high math ability showed relational priming (speeded solution times to the second of two successive relationally related fraction equations) both with and without high perceptual similarity (Experiment 2). Students with relatively low math ability also showed priming, but only when the structurally inverse equation pairs were supported by high perceptual similarity between numbers (e.g., 4 × 3/4 = 3 followed by 3 × 4/3 = 4). Several additional experiments established boundary conditions on relational priming with fractions. These findings are interpreted in terms of componential processing of fractions in a relational multiplication context that takes advantage of their inherent connections to a multiplicative schema for whole numbers.     

中国近二十年来教师人格研究述评

教师人格作为教师心理研究的重要内容之一,引起了我国心理学工作者的广泛关注。笔者以近二十年来我国教师人格研究的文献为基础,对教师人格的研究方法、优秀教师的人格特征、影响教师人格的因素、教师人格与学生发展的关系、教师人格与教师心理健康五个方面进行了回顾,在反思教师人格研究现状的基础上,对教师人格的研究内容、研究方法和成果应用三个方面进行了展望。     

童年中期对抗行为的发展及其与同伴拒绝、同伴接纳的关系

采用教师报告法对1254名城市儿童的对抗行为发展进行追踪研究,并采用交叉滞后设计探讨了对抗行为与同伴拒绝/接纳间的关系.结果发现:(1)童年中期,对抗行为呈中等程度稳定性,并表现出随年龄下降的趋势;(2)男生的对抗行为水平显著高于女生;(3)交叉滞后分析发现,早期的同伴拒绝能显著正向预测后期的对抗行为,但早期同伴接纳不能预测后期的对抗行为;早期的对抗行为均能够显著预测后期的同伴拒绝以及同伴接纳.     

Effects of the Positive Action programme on problem behaviours in elementary school students: a matched-pair randomised control trial in Chicago

This study examined the effects of the Positive Action (PA) programme in Chicago Public Schools on problem behaviours among a cohort of elementary school students from grade three through grade five. Using a matched-pair, randomised control design with 14 elementary schools, approximately 510 fifth-graders self-reported lifetime substance use, serious violence-related behaviour, and current bullying and disruptive behaviours. Three-level (i.e. students nested within schools within school pairs) overdispersed Poisson models were used to examine programme effects on the number of items endorsed for each of the four outcomes. Findings indicated that students in the intervention endorsed 31% fewer substance use behaviours (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.69), 37% fewer violence-related behaviours (IRR = 0.63) and 41% fewer bullying behaviours (IRR = 0.59), respectively, compared to students in the control schools. Reduction in reported disruptive behaviours was of a similar magnitude (27%, IRR = 0.73), but was not statistically significant. These results replicate findings of an earlier randomised trial of the PA programme and extend evidence of its effectiveness to youth attending large urban school systems.     

Power fosters context-independent, analytic cognition

The present research tested the hypothesis that power, defined as the capacity to influence others, promotes analytic cognitive processing, by examining the use of linguistic categories and the categorization of objects. Supporting the hypothesis, recalling instances of influencing others facilitated the use of adjectives and discouraged the use of verbs to describe others (Study 1). Recalling instances of influencing others also promoted taxonomic, instead of thematic, categorization (Study 2). Furthermore, the authors also examined the effect of power in a real-life context. They examined whether socioeconomic status (SES) differences in cognitive processing can be partly explained by sense of agency, an antecedent of power (Study 3); high SES individuals made more taxonomic categorization than did low SES individuals, and a sense of agency partially mediated the SES differences in categorization. These findings underscore the role of power in shaping cognitive processes.     

行政人道德风险的经济分析

行政人是“经济人”的特殊形式,其“经济人”的本质属性及边际成本和边际收益的失衡是行政人道德风险产生的内在动因。要避免行政人道德风险的产生,就必须建构以“经济人”假设为逻辑起点,以边际成本和边际收益均衡相等、内控与外控相结合的防范机制。