Preschoolers’ Emotional Understanding and Psychosocial Adjustment in Korea: The Moderating Effect of Maternal Attitude towards Emotional Expressiveness

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of maternal attitude towards children’s emotional expressiveness in Korean preschoolers’ emotional understanding and psychosocial adjustment. Preschoolers (N?=?70) participated in an emotional understanding task comprised of identifying cartoon character’s emotional reaction to particular emotion-eliciting situations. Maternal attitude towards children’s emotional expressiveness, as well as teachers’ rating of children’s behavior problems and social competence were measured. Children’s emotional understanding was negatively correlated with teacher-reported behavior problems and positively associated with social competence. In line with recent research on the socialization of emotional expressiveness, controlling maternal attitude towards children’s positive emotional expressiveness was negatively correlated with teacher-reported behavior problems. Conversely, mothers’ accepting attitude towards children’s negative emotional expressiveness was also negatively correlated with behavior problems. Finally, maternal attitude toward children’s positive emotional expressiveness moderated the relationship between emotional understanding ability and behavior problems and social competence. Such findings suggest that maternal attitude, particularly attitude regarding specific type of emotional expressiveness, is one of the key factors that may predict preschooler’s psychosocial outcomes.     

Influence of simple action on subsequent manual and ocular responses

Recent investigations into how action affects perception have revealed an interesting “action effect”—that is, simply acting upon an object enhances its processing in subsequent tasks. The previous studies, however, relied only on manual responses, allowing an alternative stimulus-response binding account of the effect. The current study examined whether the action effect occurs in the presence of changes in response modalities. In Experiment 1, participants completed a modified action effect paradigm, in which they first produced an arbitrary manual response to a shape and then performed a visual search task in which the previous shape was either a valid or invalid cue—responding with a manual or saccadic response. In line with previous studies, the visual search was faster when the shape was a valid cue but only if the shape had been acted upon. Critically, this action effect emerged similarly in both the manual and ocular response conditions. This cross-modality action effect was successfully replicated in Experiment 2, and analysis of eye movement trajectories further revealed similar action effect patterns on direction and numerosity. These results rule out the stimulus-response binding account of the action effect and suggest that it indeed occurs at an attentional level.     

黄老学派“类法治”思想探析

黄老思想是战国时期兴起的一个哲学政治思想,一方面其强调"道生法",主张法律的道德基础、强调法律的权威与作用;另一方面主张"循法而治",并提出君主"无为而治",弱化统治者的主观能动性,防止统治者对法律的侵害。相对于中国古代的法家、儒家等其它学派法律思想,其法律思想更接近于西方的法治思想,对我国今天的法治建设有一定的现实借鉴意义。     

航线飞行技术性技能与航线飞行阶段任务的关系研究

通过文献、专家意见和问卷调查,构建了现代航线飞行技术性技能多维评价量表。对118名航线飞行员测评数据的验证性因素分析表明,由倾斜控制、偏航控制、平衡控制和速度控制构成的4维模型在飞行准备/滑行、起飞/爬升、巡航、下降/进近/着陆四个飞行阶段均有较好的信度和效度;多元回归分析发现,各维度对不同航线飞行阶段任务均有显著影响。航线飞行技术性技能评价量表的构建为现代航线飞行员选拔与训练、机组驾驶行为规范性评价以及飞行安全管理考核模式的设计奠定了一个良好的工作基础。     

Responding to partners' expression of anger: the role of communal motivation

The effects of communal motivation on reactions to relationship partners' expressed anger were examined. In Study 1, married couples reported on the communal strength of their marriage, their expressions of anger to their spouse, and relationship satisfaction. In Study 2, college students reported on the communal strength of their best friendships, those friends' expressions of anger, and their evaluations of and provision of support to those friends. In Study 3, communal motivation toward a stranger who expressed mild anger was manipulated and evaluation of that stranger was measured. In all three studies, low communal motivation was associated with more negative evaluations of angry partners, lower relationship satisfaction, and, in Study 2, lower support provision. In contrast, when communal motivation was high, these decreases either did not occur (Studies 1 and 3) or were diminished (Study 2), and in Study 2, partners' anger was associated with increased provision of social support.     

A study of Ghiselli's hobo syndrome

This study attempts to clarify conceptual and operational inconsistencies in the literature around “Ghiselli's hobo syndrome.” I propose that defining characteristics of hobo syndrome should include both the exhibition of frequent job movement behavior and positive attitudes about such behavior. This definition effectively differentiates the construct from other similar phenomena associated with frequent job movement (e.g., job/career mobility, protean careers). Using latent class cluster analysis of a diverse sample of 944 U.S. workers, it was empirically validated that a small number of individuals resembling the proposed characteristics of hobos did emerge as a distinct group (N = 42), providing person-centered evidence for the construct validity of hobo syndrome. The dispositional roots of hobo syndrome and work-related outcomes were also explored. It was found that individuals with high levels of openness to experience were likely to exhibit hobo syndrome, whereas impulsivity was not related to such tendency. Also, workers who were more likely to be categorized as hobos tended to report less positive views about their current jobs. Based on these findings, implications for research and practice are discussed.     

宗教心理学在临终关怀中的应用

宗教心理学有助于缓解临终患者的痛苦,但应通过把握宗教共同精神而非具体程序,将天堂和神两大要素剥离后,在合理范围有条件地使用。东西方主流宗教心理特点不同,西方主流宗教不适合我国国情。本土儒教和道教不能有效满足临终关怀应用前提,而大小乘佛教创造性结合后的心理模式或更适合在临终关怀中使用,更适应我国国情。     

中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制:来自眼动方面的证据

该研究通过记录读者自然阅读中的眼动过程,对比考察了中文阅读中基于字和词的跳读与返回抑制事件。结果发现:(1)跳读事件并不影响眼跳前注视的持续时间,说明阅读过程中的眼跳计划被同时制定;(2)在一定范围内,眼跳幅度越大,跳读后注视的持续时间越长,这反映了基本的预视效应;(3)中文阅读中存在返回抑制现象,但这个现象产生的基本依据是低级的空间线索,而非词汇语义单元。     

Medial prefrontal cortex is selectively involved in response selection using visual context in the background

The exact roles of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in conditional choice behavior are unknown and a visual contextual response selection task was used for examining the issue. Inactivation of the mPFC severely disrupted performance in the task. mPFC inactivations, however, did not disrupt the capability of perceptual discrimination for visual stimuli. Normal response selection was also observed when nonvisual cues were used as conditional stimuli. The results strongly suggest that the mPFC is not necessarily involved in the inhibition of response or flexible response selection in general, but is rather critical when response selection is required conditionally using visual context in the background.