Simultaneous determination of thin-film inertia and shear stiffness using thickness-twist and face-shear modes of an AT-cut quartz resonator

We propose the use of thickness-twist (TT) and face-shear (FS) vibration modes of an AT-cut quartz crystal plate resonator for simultaneous determination of the inertia and stiffness of a thin film deposited on a crystal surface. A theoretical analysis using Mindlin's first-order theory for crystal plates is performed to demonstrate the idea. Expressions for the stiffness ratio and mass ratio between the thin film and the resonator are presented in terms of frequency shifts of FS and TT modes, which are experimentally measurable. A numerical example is given.     

社会阶层分化视角下医患信息行为对医患关系的影响

目前社会阶层分化进程中的医患关系比较紧张,医患信息行为起了很大作用.由于历史原因多数医师未能认识到医患信息行为对医患沟通及医患关系的影响.患者作为医疗信息掌握的弱势群体,其对从医师处获得信息的依赖将长期存在,医师与患者信息行为必然相互影响.针对信息行为建立相应的培训及评价机制是十分必要的.     

Reciprocal Markov Modeling of Feedback Mechanisms Between Emotion and Dietary Choice Using Experience-Sampling Data

With intensively collected longitudinal data, recent advances in the experience-sampling method (ESM) benefit social science empirical research, but also pose important methodological challenges. As traditional statistical models are not generally well equipped to analyze a system of variables that contain feedback loops, this paper proposes the utility of an extended hidden Markov model to model reciprocal the relationship between momentary emotion and eating behavior. This paper revisited an ESM data set (Lu, Huet, &; Dube, 2011 Lu, J., Huet, C., &; Dubé, L. (2011). Emotional reinforcement as a protective factor for healthy eating in home settings. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(1), 254–261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006361[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) that observed 160 participants' food consumption and momentary emotions 6 times per day in 10 days. Focusing on the analyses on feedback loop between mood and meal-healthiness decision, the proposed reciprocal Markov model (RMM) can accommodate both hidden (“general” emotional states: positive vs. negative state) and observed states (meal: healthier, same or less healthy than usual) without presuming independence between observations and smooth trajectories of mood or behavior changes. The results of RMM analyses illustrated the reciprocal chains of meal consumption and mood as well as the effect of contextual factors that moderate the interrelationship between eating and emotion. A simulation experiment that generated data consistent with the empirical study further demonstrated that the procedure is promising in terms of recovering the parameters.     

Is it culture or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization

Differences in reasoning styles between Chinese and European Americans held even when controlling for the language of testing. Bilingual Chinese organized objects in a more relational and less categorical way than European Americans, whether tested in English or in Chinese. Thus, culture affects categorization independent of the testing language. Nevertheless, language affected some Chinese bilinguals' categorization. The responses of Chinese from the Mainland and Taiwan were more relational when tested in Chinese than when tested in English. Responses of Chinese from Hong Kong and Singapore were equally relational when tested in Chinese and in English. Age and context of learning English are discussed to explain the differential language effects among different Chinese groups. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.     

Study time effects in recognition memory

We empirically tested the assumption that study time increases recognition accuracy because the storage of information is better when study time is longer as Shiffrin and colleagues have reported, an assumption common to parallel models of recognition. In the present study with 123 subjects, we examined the effect of item strength on four measures: hit rate, false alarm rate, d', and beta, for a single-word recognition task with longer study times than those usually used in the literature. Analysis indicated significant increase for hit rate and d' and a decrease in false alarm rate, as one goes from weak to stronger study conditions, and a change in ln(beta) when study time is greater than 1 sec. These results suggest that familiarization is one, but not the only, factor underlying the strength-mirror effect.     

Identity and commitment in emergency teams

This paper adopts Tajfel's social identity theory perspective and applies it to the organizational context in order to study emergency intervention teams. Specifically, it is intended to explore the kind of social identification (professional, team, or organizational) prevalent among members of these organizations. It is intended, as well, to establish a clear distinction between two related, and often confused, concepts, i.e., organizational identification and commitment, and to discover which identification is more apt to predict the organizational outcomes of organizational citizenship behaviors and satisfaction. Our total sample consisted of 151 participants (firemen of the Madrid municipality and members of the army). It was found that organizational identification, as a kind of social identification, is different from organizational commitment, and that it is not its base nor one of its components, and that organizational identification, much as professional one, helps to explain peoples' behavior in organizations.     

Training-induced and electrically induced potentiation in the neocortex

Long-term potentiation (LTP) shares many properties with memory and is currently the most popular laboratory model of memory. Although it has not been proven that memory is based on an LTP-like mechanism, there is evidence that learning a motor skill can induce LTP-like effects. This evidence was obtained in a slice-preparation experiment, which precluded within-animal comparisons before and after training. In the present experiments, Long-Evans rats were unilaterally trained to acquire a forelimb reaching and grasping skill. Evoked potentials were found to be larger in motor cortex layer II/III in the trained, compared to the untrained, hemisphere in slice, acute, and chronic preparations. Consistent with previous research, the trained hemisphere was less amenable to subsequent LTP induction. Furthermore, the application of either LTP- or LTD-inducing stimulation during the training phase of the reaching task disrupted the acquisition of the skill, providing further evidence that memory may be based on an LTP mechanism.     

Regional grey matter volume in the posterior cingulate cortex predicts positive risk-taking: A moderation model

Positive risk-taking is a crucial element of individual creativity and social development. However, little is known regarding the relation between individual neural differences and positive risk-taking. In addition, critical thinking (CT) and gender have been proven to be two important individual-specific factors associated with risk-taking behaviour, and different levels of CT and gender may have diverse effects on the relationship between brain structure and positive risk-taking. The present study examined the relationship between positive risk-taking and regional grey matter volume (rGMV) in 292 healthy participants. The results showed that positive risk-taking was significantly positively associated with the rGMV of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). In addition, this study investigated individual differences in critical thinking and found that it moderated the relationship between rGMV and positive risk-taking. Individuals with lower CT had a stronger association between rGMV and positive risk-taking. Further analysis showed that for males, a greater rGMV was significantly linked to higher positive risk-taking tendency. These findings suggest that PCC evaluates risk and serves as a behavioural adaptation hub for positive risk-taking. This study thereby contributes to the literature on individual differences in brain structure and risk-taking by elucidating the moderating effects of CT and gender in healthy adults.     

Harold Garfinkel and Edward Rose in the early years of ethnomethodology

This article documents the beginning of the intellectual companionship between the founder of ethnomethodology, Harold Garfinkel, and Edward Rose, who is most often associated with his program of “ethno-inquiries.” I present results from archival research focusing on the contacts and collaborations between Rose and Garfinkel in the years 1955–1965. First, I describe the review process for Rose and Felton's paper, submitted to the American Sociological Review in 1955, which Garfinkel reviewed and after Rose's rebuttal recommended for publication. The paper induced Garfinkel to write an extensive commentary that has remained unpublished. Second, I discuss the 1958 New Mexico conference sponsored by the Air Force, which was an opportunity for Rose and Garfinkel to work together on topics related to common-sense knowledge and scientific knowledge. Third, I give an overview of the ethnomethodological conferences in 1962 and 1963, supported by an Air Force grant written collaboratively by Rose and Garfinkel. Here I focus primarily on Rose's research on “small languages,” which stimulated many discussions among the early ethnomethodologists. Rose's work and exchanges with Garfinkel demonstrate the former's affinity for miniaturization as a research approach and search for ways to empiricize topics of sociological theory in locally observable settings.     

语义的自动加工和选择性注意对Stroop效应的影响

本实验用正常人和聋哑人作被试进行比较,试图探讨语义的自动加工和选择性注意对Stroop效应的影响。将“红”“绿”“黄”“蓝”四个汉字中的每一个都用这四种颜色中的三种写成,然后按着事先排列好的顺序,分组呈现,并且在两种条件下分别要求被试延迟不同的时间进行反应,一种是刺激呈现前就告诉被试对“字”或“色”反应;另一种是刺激呈现后间隔不同的时间再向被试提出对“字”或“色”反应。实验结果发现,聋哑人和正常人在色—字干扰任务作业上没有明显的差异,说明语义的自动加工是一个普遍现象;而选择性注意能在很大的程度上改善被试的作业成绩,但颜色命名仍比字词反应困难;Stroop效应在延迟反应条件下发生变化,这种变化说明Stroop效应与记忆过程有联系。