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851.
Kenneth W. Griffin Jessica Samuolis Christopher Williams 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(3):319-325
A growing body of literature suggests that parenting practices characterized by careful monitoring, firm and consistent limit
setting, and nurturing communication patterns with children are protective against adolescent substance use and other problem
behaviors. Family-based prevention programs that promote these behaviors can be an effective way to prevent adolescent substance
use. However, low participation rates remain problematic for many such programs, particularly programs that require parents
to attend scheduled meetings outside the home. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a newly developed
substance use prevention program when self-administered at home by parents of middle school students. As part of a randomized
trial, 338 parents of middle school students either received the parent prevention program or served as control group participants.
Parents completed self-report surveys at home that assessed parenting behaviors at pre-test, post-test, and one-year follow-up
time points. A series of mixed model ANCOVAs were conducted, examining the post-test and one-year follow-up means for the
parent outcomes, controlling for pre-test levels on these outcomes. Analyses showed that at the post-test assessment, intervention
parents reported significant increases relative to controls in appropriate role modeling, disciplinary practices, family communication,
and parental monitoring skills. At the one-year follow-up assessment, intervention effects on family communication skills
remained significant and effects on parental role modeling were marginally significant. This study shows that a theoretically
rich prevention program can be effectively self-administered by parents at home and improve key parenting skills that have
been shown to prevent adolescent substance use. 相似文献
852.
In two experiments, participants solved anagram problems while their eye movements were monitored. Each problem consisted of a circular array of five letters: a scrambled four-letter solution word containing three consonants and one vowel, and an additional randomly-placed distractor consonant. Viewing times on the distractor consonant compared to the solution consonants provided an online measure of knowledge of the solution. Viewing times on the distractor consonant and the solution consonants were indistinguishable early in the trial. In contrast, several seconds prior to the response, viewing times on the distractor consonant decreased in a gradual manner compared to viewing times on the solution consonants. Importantly, this pattern was obtained across both trials in which participants reported the subjective experience of insight and trials in which they did not. These findings are consistent with the availability of partial knowledge of the solution prior to such information being accessible to subjective phenomenal awareness. 相似文献
853.
Carlye Kincaid Deborah J. Jones Jessica Cuellar Michelle Gonzalez 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(1):102-110
A distinction between parental behavioral control and psychological control has been elucidated in the literature, yet far
less is known about the role of psychological control in youth adjustment broadly or risky behavior in particular. We examined
the interrelationship of maternal psychological control, youth psychosocial adjustment, and youth risk behaviors among African
American single mother-youth (11–16-year old) dyads (n = 194), families in which youth are more vulnerable to adjustment problems and risky behavior than Caucasian youth or youth
from intact homes. Higher levels of maternal psychological control were associated with increased youth psychosocial adjustment
problems as well as increased youth risk behavior, after statistically controlling for one domain of behavioral control, parental
knowledge about a child’s whereabouts and activities. Furthermore, youth externalizing problems mediated the relation between
psychological control and risk behavior. The findings suggest that parenting programs targeting risk behavior among African
American youth may benefit from including psychological control among the parenting dimensions that are targeted. 相似文献
854.
Although the development of number-line estimation ability is well documented, little is known of the processes underlying
successful estimators’ mappings of numerical information onto spatial representations during these tasks. We tracked adults’
eye movements during a number-line estimation task to investigate the processes underlying number-to-space translation, with
three main results. First, eye movements were strongly related to the target number’s location, and early processing measures
directly predicted later estimation performance. Second, fixations and estimates were influenced by the size of the first
number presented, indicating that adults calibrate their estimates online. Third, adults’ number-line estimates demonstrated
patterns of error consistent with the predictions of psychophysical models of proportion estimation, and eye movement data
predicted the specific error patterns we observed. These results support proportion-based accounts of number-line estimation
and suggest that adults’ translation of numerical information into spatial representations is a rapid, online process. 相似文献
855.
Lynam and colleagues recently developed a new self-report inventory for the assessment of psychopathy, the Elemental Psychopathy Assessment (EPA). Using a sample of undergraduates (N = 227), the authors examined the construct validity of the EPA by examining its correlations with self and stranger ratings on the Five-Factor Model, as well as self-reported ratings of personality disorders, social cognition, and love styles. The EPA psychopathy scores manifested expected correlations with both self and stranger ratings of the Five-Factor Model, particularly with the domains of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness, and were significantly related to various forms of personality pathology such as narcissism and antisocial personality disorders. The EPA also manifested expected relations with aggressive social cognitions. Finally, the EPA psychopathy scores were correlated with romantic love styles indicative of game playing and infidelity. The current results provide further evidence of the construct validity of the EPA as it manifests relations consistent with the nomological network of psychopathy. 相似文献
856.
Villa-George FI Moreno-Jiménez B Rodríguez-Muñoz A Villalpando Uribe J 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2011,14(2):1010-1017
The aim of this study was to examine the factorial validity of the Job Expectations Questionnaire (Cuestionario de Expectativas Laborales CEL) in a sample of Mexican workers. Following a cross validation approach, two samples were used in the study. The first sample consisted of 380 professionals who mainly performed administrative work in the Health Services in Puebla-Mexico. The second sample comprised 400 health professionals from the Hospital de la Mujer in Puebla-Mexico. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a three-factor solution, accounting for 51.8% of the variance. The results of confirmatory factorial analysis indicate that the three-factor model provided the best fit with the data (CFI = .96, GFI = .95, NNFI = .95, RMSEA = .04), maintaining the structure with 12 items. The reliability of the questionnaire and the diverse subscales showed high internal consistency. Significant correlations were found between job expectations and autonomy, vigor, dedication, and absorption, providing evidence of its construct validity. The evaluation of the psychometric qualities confirms this questionnaire as a valid and specific instrument to measure job expectations. 相似文献
857.
858.
Research suggests that understanding complex social cues depends on the availability of cognitive resources (e.g., Phillips, Channon, Tunstall, Hedenstrom, & Lyons, 2008). In spite of evidence suggesting that executive control functioning may impact anxiety (e.g., Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007), relatively few studies have examined working memory in individuals with generalized social phobia. Moreover, few studies have examined the role of threat-relevant content in working memory performance in clinically anxious populations. To this end, the present study assessed working memory capacity (WMC) in individuals with generalized social phobia and nonanxious controls using an operation span task with threat-relevant and neutral stimuli. Results revealed that nonanxious individuals demonstrated better WMC than individuals with generalized social phobia for neutral words but not for social threat words. Individuals with generalized social phobia demonstrated better WMC performance for threat words relative to neutral words. These results suggest that individuals with generalized social phobia may have relatively enhanced working memory performance for salient, socially relevant information. This enhanced working memory capacity for threat-relevant information may be the result of practice with this information in generalized social phobia. 相似文献
859.
The organizational justice literature has consistently documented substantial correlations between organizational justice and employee depression. Existing theoretical literature suggests this relationship occurs because perceptions of organizational (in)justice lead to subsequent psychological health problems. Building on recent research on the affective nature of justice perceptions, in the present research we broaden this perspective by arguing there are also theoretical arguments for a reverse effect whereby psychological health problems influence perceptions of organizational justice. To contrast both theoretical perspectives, we test longitudinal lagged effects between organizational justice perceptions (i.e., distributive justice, interactional justice, interpersonal justice, informational justice, and procedural justice) and employee depressive symptoms using structural equation modeling. Analyses of 3 samples from different military contexts (N? = 625, N? = 134, N? = 550) revealed evidence of depressive symptoms leading to subsequent organizational justice perceptions. In contrast, the opposite effects of organizational justice perceptions on depressive symptoms were not significant for any of the justice dimensions. The findings have broad implications for theoretical perspectives on psychological health and organizational justice perceptions. 相似文献
860.
We tested the effects of an observational intervention (Greer & Singer-Dudek, 2008) on establishing children's books as conditioned reinforcers using a delayed multiple baseline design. Three preschool students with mild language and developmental delays served as the participants. Prior to the intervention, books did not function as reinforcers for any of the participants. The observational intervention consisted of a situation in which the participant observed a confederate being presented with access to books contingent on correct responses and the participant received nothing for correct responses. After several sessions of this treatment, the previously neutral books acquired reinforcing properties for maintenance and acquisition responses for all three participants. 相似文献