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951.
Letters of recommendation (LORs) are a widely used selection tool with many issues associated with their use. To address some of these issues, 575 professionals in personnel‐related professions reported their experiences with LORs. We separated items into consensus, polarized, or neither categories. Experts reached consensus that letter inflation is a problem that may never be alleviated and that more weight is placed on letters written by someone the reader knows or from a prestigious institution or organization. Most items were polarized, suggesting substantial controversy in the field regarding LORs. Some items originally polarized reached consensus within profession (academic vs applied). Academic professionals reported using LORs more and placing more weight on their contents than applied professionals. Implications discussed include recommendations for future research and practice, such as the appropriate use of LORs, LOR formats, and training. 相似文献
952.
Clay B. Holroyd Olave E. Krigolson Robert Baker Seung Lee Jessica Gibson 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):59-70
A recent theory holds that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) uses reinforcement learning signals conveyed by the midbrain
dopamine system to facilitate flexible action selection. According to this position, the impact of reward prediction error
signals on ACC modulates the amplitude of a component of the event-related brain potential called the error-related negativity (ERN). The theory predicts that ERN amplitude is monotonically related to the expectedness of the event: It is larger for
unexpected outcomes than for expected outcomes. However, a recent failure to confirm this prediction has called the theory
into question. In the present article, we investigated this discrepancy in three trial-and-error learning experiments. All
three experiments provided support for the theory, but the effect sizes were largest when an optimal response strategy could
actually be learned. This observation suggests that ACC utilizes dopamine reward prediction error signals for adaptive decision
making when the optimal behavior is, in fact, learnable. 相似文献
953.
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955.
Scott P. Ardoin Jessica C. Williams Cynthia Klubnik Michael McCall 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):375-380
Although the literature clearly demonstrates that repeated readings result in immediate effects on students' performance on the intervention materials as well as long‐term benefits, data are less promising regarding its immediate generalization effects to similar materials. Using an alternating treatments design, the current study evaluated the effects of a multicomponent repeated reading intervention on generalization passages after students had read a passage three versus six times. Results indicated improvements in fluency as a result of both interventions, with slightly greater maintenance effects when students were given six opportunities to read passages. 相似文献
956.
Temperament and its Relationship to Autistic Symptoms in a High-Risk Infant Sib Cohort 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Garon N Bryson SE Zwaigenbaum L Smith IM Brian J Roberts W Szatmari P 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):59-78
The present study prospectively investigated early temperamental profiles and their associations with autistic symptoms in
high-risk infants (N = 138) with an older sibling with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and low-risk infants (N = 73) with no family history of ASD. Children who were diagnosed with ASD at 36 months were distinguished from non-ASD sibs
and controls by a temperament profile marked by lower positive affect, higher negative affect and difficulty controlling attention
and behavior, which we labeled Effortful Emotion Regulation. This profile also distinguished the non-ASD sib group from the
control group. Children with ASD were distinguished from both of the other two groups by a temperament profile of low Behavioral
Approach (lower sensitivity to “social” reward cues). Low levels of Behavioral Approach were associated with a higher number
of ASD symptoms, even after taking into account IQ, sex and group membership. Finally, a cluster analysis revealed two ASD
subgroups distinguished by number of ASD symptoms, IQ, age of diagnosis and scores on the Behavioral Approach profile. These
findings suggest that temperament may be a useful framework for understanding the emergence of ASD early in life. 相似文献
957.
Allison Piper John C. Borrero Jessica L. Becraft 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):1058-1070
Becraft, Borrero, Davis, Mendres-Smith, and Castillo (2018) studied the effects of two different types of DRL schedules (full session and spaced responding) under 2 sets of stimulus conditions (with and without signals). Reduced rates of responding maintained under both types of DRL schedules, when signals were included. The present study represents a replication of procedures by Becraft et al. involving learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results replicated those of Becraft et al. in that responding in both full-session and spaced-responding DRL schedules was low, but not eliminated. These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that children with ASD are responsive to signals in DRL arrangements, which may set the stage for evaluation of signaled DRL arrangements for socially significant response forms. 相似文献
958.
Kelly L. McConnell Jessica L. Sassi Lauren Carr Julia Szalwinski Aimee Courtemanche Fatoumatta Njie-Jallow Wendy R. Cheney 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):2233-2249
Patient disruption during dental visits can impede treatment and may result in invasive approaches to care. The current study evaluated the efficacy of graduated exposure with and without extinction to decrease disruption during dental treatment for 4 young men with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Modified functional analyses confirmed that disruption was maintained by escape from dental demands for all four young men. Initial treatment consisted of graduated exposure, whereby exam steps were initially removed and then gradually reintroduced as disruption remained low; throughout this phase, disruption resulted in a break from the exam. During the subsequent treatment phase, graduated exposure procedures continued and extinction for disruption was added. Graduated exposure alone did not result in sufficient treatment effects; however, the addition of extinction resulted in greater reductions in disruption and increases in exam completion for all 4 young men, and treatment effects generalized to a dental clinic setting. 相似文献
959.
Jason C. Vladescu Jessica Day-Watkins Lauren K. Schnell Jacqueline N. Carrow 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):1922-1934
Annually, thousands of infant deaths are classified as sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs). In an effort to reduce the risk of SUIDs, the American Academy of Pediatrics has made a number of recommendations to educate caregivers, childcare providers, and healthcare professionals on safe infant sleep practices. The purpose of the current study was to extend the literature on safe infant sleep practices by teaching caregivers to arrange safe infant sleep environments using a mannequin and common infant items. We partnered with community-based agencies to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioral skills training delivered in a single training session as part of the ongoing pre- or postnatal care these agencies provided. Following training, all participants demonstrated a substantial change in responding and returned favorable social validity ratings. We discuss these outcomes in light of previous studies, limitations, and future directions. 相似文献
960.
Alyssa N. Suess Kelly M. Schieltz David P. Wacker Jessica Detrick Christopher A. Podlesnik 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2020,113(1):278-301
Treatments based on differential reinforcement may inadvertently increase the recurrence of problem behavior in the face of challenges because reinforcers for appropriate behavior occur in the same context as problem behavior. The current study evaluated one potential approach to mitigating these problems with differential reinforcement treatments based on behavioral momentum theory. Specifically, appropriate behavior was trained in contexts without a history of reinforcement prior to intervening with problem behavior. Participants were 4 children with autism spectrum disorder. Treatment used telehealth to implement functional communication training (FCT) in three alternative contexts with minimal or no history of reinforcement for problem behavior before initiating FCT in the treatment context. Evaluations of the effects of treatment and tests of resurgence were conducted intermittently during treatment to evaluate maintenance. When FCT treatment was initiated in alternative contexts, initial results were comparable to more typical implementations of FCT. Resurgence was reduced to similar levels during tests of resurgence for all participants when compared to more typical previously published implementations of FCT, but clinically significant reductions in resurgence occurred more quickly in the present study. These findings support training appropriate behavior in an alternative context to mitigate the resurgence of problem behavior during differential reinforcement treatments. 相似文献