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941.
Scores on Extraversion and on Neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory were compared for 90 undergraduate team sport participants, individual sport participants, and nonparticipants (43 men, 47 women, M age = 20.3 yr.). From past research and Eysenck's biological theory of personality, it was hypothesized that sport participants would score higher on Extraversion and lower on Neuroticism than nonparticipants, and that team participants would score higher on Extraversion and perhaps higher on Neuroticism than individual sport participants. By comparing scores for students in first year and final year, it was also investigated whether pre-existing personality differences drew people to sport (the gravitational hypothesis) or whether personality changed as a function of sport participation (the developmental hypothesis). The main findings were that team participants scored higher on Extraversion than both individual sport participants and nonparticipants, and that test scores did not change over time, supporting the gravitational hypothesis for Extraversion. 相似文献
942.
943.
With Hope and Imagination: Imaginative Moral Decision-Making in Neonatal Intensive Care Units 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although the role of imagination in moral reasoning is often neglected, recent literature, mostly of pragmatist signature,
points to imagination as one of its central elements. In this article we develop some of their arguments by looking at the
moral role of imagination in practice, in particular the practice of neonatal intensive care. Drawing on empirical research,
we analyze a decision-making process in various stages: delivery, staff meeting, and reflection afterwards. We show how imagination
aids medical practitioners demarcating moral categories, tuning their actions, and exploring long-range consequences of decisions.
We argue that imagination helps to bring about at least four kinds of integration in the moral decision-making process: personal
integration by creating a moral self-image in moments of reflection; social integration by aiding the conciliation of the
diverging perspectives of the people involved; temporal integration by facilitating the parties to transcend the present moment
and connect past, present, and future; and epistemological integration by helping to combine the various forms of knowledge
and experience needed to make moral decisions. Furthermore, we argue that the role of imagination in these moral decision-processes
is limited in several significant ways. Rather than being a solution itself, it is merely an aid and cannot replace the decision
itself. Finally, there are also limits to the practical relevance of this theoretical reflection. In the end, it is up to
care professionals as reflective practitioners to re-imagine the practice of intensive care and make the right decisions with
hope and imagination.
相似文献
Mark CoeckelberghEmail: |
944.
Kevin Colwell Cheryl K. Hiscock‐Anisman Amina Memon Laura Taylor Jessica Prewett 《Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling》2007,4(3):167-180
This study describes the assimilation and validation of Assessment Criteria Indicative of Deception (ACID). ACID is derived from investigative interviewing, Criteria‐Based Content Analysis, Reality Monitoring, and interpersonal deception. Each component has been previously published. Thirty‐eight university undergraduates entered a professor's office and either stole an exam or replaced an exam that had been stolen previously. They were interviewed 1 week later with the Reality Interview, which is deliberately challenging and aims to enhance the detection of deception. Half responded honestly and completely; half distorted their responses to avoid incrimination. Incentives were provided. Honest responses were longer, more detailed, and contained more admissions of potential mistakes. Most importantly, honest respondents benefited from attempts to enhance recall, whereas these same attempts caused deceptive respondents to provide shorter, more repetitive statements. This is a promising technique; 33 of 38 cases were classified accurately. Discussion includes characteristics of deception, process of deception during an investigative interview, hypothetical interview strategies to facilitate the detection of deception, strengths and weaknesses of the study, and areas for future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
945.
A defining characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is unsuccessful suppression of unwanted thoughts. Recent evidence of individual differences in ability to control intrusive thoughts may inform our understanding of failures of cognitive control associated with OCD symptomatology. The current study investigated characteristics of cognitive style that are potentially associated with OCD symptoms and may influence response to unwanted thoughts, including perceived ability to control thoughts and tendency to ruminate. Undergraduate students (N = 166) completed self-report measures of OCD symptoms, perceived thought control, and ruminative thinking. They were then presented with a distressing target thought and completed a standard thought suppression paradigm. Correlational results indicated that, controlling for anxiety and depression, OCD symptoms were positively associated with rumination and inversely associated with perceived thought control ability. In addition, OCD symptoms were associated with higher levels of distress and greater spontaneous efforts to suppress the target thought during a baseline period, while perceived thought control ability predicted frequency of target thoughts during suppression. Finally, results of the experimental manipulation confirmed that participants instructed to suppress experienced more intrusions during the recovery period. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
946.
Analogue behavioral observation of structured parent-child interactions has often been used to obtain a standardized, unbiased measure of child noncompliance and parenting behavior. However, for assessment information to be clinically relevant, it is essential that the behavior observed be similar to that which the child normally experiences and elicits. Furthermore, assessment procedures should be socially appropriate and acceptable to participants in order to facilitate investment in the assessment, and potentially treatment, process. Although analogue tasks have been shown to have reasonable psychometric properties, the social validity of these methods has not been evaluated. This study examined the acceptability and representativeness of 4 widely utilized, laboratory-based parent-child interaction tasks in a sample of 43 nonreferred, 3- to 6-year old children and their mothers, who were of European-American or African-American ethnicity. Mothers rated the acceptability of each task and the degree to which it was representative of “typical” interactions occurring with the child. Repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed high levels of acceptability and representativeness for all tasks, but consistent differences across tasks. These ratings were predominantly stable over a 2-week period. Additionally, social validity ratings were significantly associated with parenting self-esteem, maternal ethnicity, child gender, and child age, but not child behavior problems. Limitations and implications of these findings for the assessment of parent-child interaction are discussed. 相似文献
947.
Lonigan CJ Anthony JL Phillips BM Purpura DJ Wilson SB McQueen JD 《Journal of educational psychology》2009,101(2):345-358
The development of reading-related phonological processing abilities (PPA) represents an important developmental milestone in the process of learning to read. In this cross-sectional study, confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the structure of PPA in 129 younger preschoolers (M = 40.88 months, SD = 4.65) and 304 older preschoolers (M = 56.49 months, SD = 5.31). A 2-factor model in which phonological awareness and phonological memory was represented by one factor and lexical access was represented by a second factor provided the best fit for both samples and was largely invariant across samples. Measures of vocabulary, cognitive abilities, and print knowledge were significantly correlated with both factors, but phonological awareness/memory had unique relations with word reading. Despite significant development of PPA across the preschool years and into kindergarten, these results show that the structure of these skills remains invariant. 相似文献
948.
This study employed the Implicit Association Test to assess implicit attitudes towards feminism among 68 U.S. undergraduates. On some trials, participants matched either good or bad words with a feminist or a traditionalist target person. On other trials, they matched feminine or masculine traits with these targets. We predicted (1) faster reaction times to feminist–bad pairings than to feminist–good pairings, (2) faster reactions to traditionalist–good pairings than to traditionalist–bad pairings, (3) faster reactions to traditionalist–feminine pairings than to traditionalist–masculine pairings, and (4) faster reactions to feminist–masculine pairings than to feminist–feminine pairings. The results supported the first three predictions. These results suggest an implicit negativity bias and masculinity bias towards feminists and an implicit positivity bias and femininity bias towards traditionalists. 相似文献
949.
Humans are subject to the composite illusion: two identical top halves of a face are perceived as “different” when they are presented with different bottom halves. This observation suggests that when building a mental representation of a face, the underlying system perceives the whole face, and has difficulty decomposing facial features. We adapted a behavioural task that measures the composite illusion to examine the perception of faces in two nonhuman species. Specifically we had spider (Ateles geoffroyi) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perform a two-forced choice, match-to-sample task where only the top half of sample was relevant to the task. The results of Experiment 1 show that spider monkeys (N = 2) process the faces of familiar species (conspecifics and humans, but not chimpanzees, sheep, or sticks), holistically. The second experiment tested rhesus monkeys (N = 7) with the faces of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, sheep, and sticks. Contrary to prediction, there was no evidence of a composite effect in the human (or familiar primate) condition. Instead, we present evidence of a composite illusion in the chimpanzee condition (an unfamiliar primate). Together, these experiments show that visual expertise does not predict the composite effect across the primate order. 相似文献
950.
Melissa K. Goates-Jones Clara E. Hill Jessica V. Stahl Elizabeth E. Doschek 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2009,22(2):221-231
In an investigation of the exploration stage of single counselling sessions with 26 anxious female volunteer clients and 13 female doctoral student therapists, no overall association was found between client narrative processing modes and subsequent therapist verbal response modes. There was evidence in a third of the sample for an association between therapist response modes and subsequent client narrative modes, such that clients used more internal than external or reflexive narrative processing modes when therapists used open questions about feelings and reflections of feelings. Client and therapist helpfulness ratings did not differ for different therapist response modes or client narrative process modes. Hence, overall results suggested that all four therapist response modes (open questions about thoughts, open questions about feelings, restatements, reflections of feelings) are effective during the exploration stage. 相似文献