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271.
Jessica Carter 《Synthese》2008,163(2):119-131
This paper compares the statement ‘Mathematics is the study of structure’ with the actual practice of mathematics. We present
two examples from contemporary mathematical practice where the notion of structure plays different roles. In the first case
a structure is defined over a certain set. It is argued firstly that this set may not be regarded as a structure and secondly that what is important
to mathematical practice is the relation that exists between the structure and the set. In the second case, from algebraic
topology, one point is that an object can be a place in different structures. Which structure one chooses to place the object
in depends on what one wishes to do with it. Overall the paper argues that mathematics certainly deals with structures, but
that structures may not be all there is to mathematics.
I wish to thank Colin McLarty as well as the anonymous referees for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. 相似文献
272.
Chronis-Tuscano A Raggi VL Clarke TL Rooney ME Diaz Y Pian J 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(8):1237-1250
Mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk for an ADHD diagnosis themselves,
which is likely associated with impairments in parenting. The present study utilized a multi-method assessment of maternal
ADHD and parenting to examine the extent to which maternal ADHD symptoms are associated with maladaptive parenting. Participants
included 70 6–10 year old children with DSM-IV ADHD and their biological mothers. Results suggested that mothers with higher
levels of ADHD symptoms reported lower levels of involvement and positive parenting and higher levels of inconsistent discipline.
During observed parent–child interactions, maternal ADHD symptoms were negatively associated with positive parenting, and
positively associated with negative parenting and repeated commands before giving the child an opportunity to comply. Given
prior research suggesting that maladaptive parenting behaviors are risk factors for the later development of conduct problems
among children with ADHD, these findings have important clinical implications for family-based assessment and treatment of
ADHD. 相似文献
273.
Allen ES Rhoades GK Stanley SM Markman HJ Williams T Melton J Clements ML 《Family process》2008,47(2):243-259
Premarital precursors of infidelity were evaluated in a sample of 72 couples (N = 144) who were taking part in a longitudinal study of marriage. Premarital self-report and observational data were compared for couples who experienced infidelity and those who did not experience infidelity in the first years of marriage. Couples in which the male engaged in marital infidelity were characterized, premaritally, by significantly lower male sexual satisfaction, lower male positive communication, and higher female invalidation, whereas couples in which the female went on to engage in infidelity were characterized, premaritally, by significantly lower levels of female positive communication, higher levels of male and female negative communication, and higher levels of male and female invalidation. Implications of the findings for future research on the prediction and prevention of infidelity are discussed. 相似文献
274.
The present research tests whether recognition for the nonverbal expression of pride generalizes across cultures. Study 1 provided the first evidence for cross-cultural recognition of pride, demonstrating that the expression generalizes across Italy and the United States. Study 2 found that the pride expression generalizes beyond Western cultures; individuals from a preliterate, highly isolated tribe in Burkina Faso, West Africa, reliably recognized pride, regardless of whether it was displayed by African or American targets. These Burkinabe participants were unlikely to have learned the pride expression through cross-cultural transmission, so their recognition suggests that pride may be a human universal. Studies 3 and 4 used drawn figures to systematically manipulate the ethnicity and gender of targets showing the expression, and demonstrated that pride recognition generalizes across male and female targets of African, Asian, and Caucasian descent. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for the universality of the pride expression. 相似文献
275.
276.
Many decisions related to cigarette smoking require people in an affectively neutral, or "cold," state to predict how they will feel or behave when in a craving, or "hot," state. Research in other domains has revealed that individuals in cold states often underestimate the impact of being in a hot state on their own future behavior. In a study testing whether this is true of cigarette craving, 98 smokers were assigned to one of three conditions: hot (during a high-craving first session, they made predictions about a high-craving state in a second session), cold (during a low-craving first session, they made predictions about a high-craving state in a second session), and comparison (they experienced a high-craving session only). As predicted, in contrast to smokers in the hot group, smokers in the cold group underpredicted the value they would place on smoking during the second session. Results support the existence of a cold-to-hot empathy gap in smokers and help to explain diverse aspects of tobacco addiction. 相似文献
277.
Young children tend to generalize novel names for novel solid objects by similarity in shape, a phenomenon dubbed 'the shape bias'. We believe that the critical insights needed to explain the shape bias in particular, and cognitive development more generally, come from Dynamic Systems Theory. We present two examples of recent work focusing on the real-time decision processes that underlie performance in the tasks used to measure the shape bias. We show how this work, and the dynamic systems perspective, sheds light on the controversy over the origins and development of the shape bias. In addition, we suggest that this dynamic systems perspective provides the right level for explanations of development because it requires a focus on the details of behavior over multiple timescales. 相似文献
278.
Over the course of the first year of life, infants develop from being generalized listeners, capable of discriminating both native and non-native speech contrasts, into specialized listeners whose discrimination patterns closely reflect the phonetic system of the native language(s). Recent work by Maye, Werker and Gerken (2002) has proposed a statistical account for this phenomenon, showing that infants may lose the ability to discriminate some foreign language contrasts on the basis of their sensitivity to the statistical distribution of sounds in the input language. In this paper we examine the process of enhancement in infant speech perception, whereby initially difficult phonetic contrasts become better discriminated when they define two categories that serve a functional role in the native language. In particular, we demonstrate that exposure to a bimodal statistical distribution in 8-month-old infants' phonetic input can lead to increased discrimination of difficult contrasts. In addition, this exposure also facilitates discrimination of an unfamiliar contrast sharing the same phonetic feature as the contrast presented during familiarization, suggesting that infants extract acoustic/phonetic information that is invariant across an abstract featural representation. 相似文献
279.
Logan JM Balota DA 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2008,15(3):257-280
The present study was designed to help answer several questions regarding the impact of spacing and expanded retrieval on memory performance in younger and older adults. Three expanded/equal interval schedule pairings, matched in average spacing (1-2-3/2-2-2; 1-3-5/3-3-3; and 1-3-8/4-4-4), were compared, and the effect of retention interval on spaced retrieval benefits was examined by comparing performance on a same day test to a test delayed by 24 h. Both age groups showed a learning phase retrieval success advantage for expanded items compared to equal interval items. Only older adults in the same day test condition showed a significant expansion effect in final recall. After a 24-h delay, the final recall advantage for items in the expanded condition was lost in both groups, and in fact these items were at a significant recall disadvantage for younger adults. Results indicate that younger and older adults benefit from a rehearsal technique that incorporated any type of spaced retrieval whether it is distributed as an expanding schedule or not. Although we did not find robust advantages for expanded retrieval compared to equal interval practice, there could be certain advantages (such as reinforcement due to high success rates) to using expanded retrieval depending on the ultimate goals of an individual memory training program. 相似文献
280.
Jessica W. Giles Cristine Legare Jennifer E. Samson 《Infant and child development》2008,17(2):137-150
The present study compared indigenous South African versus African‐American schoolchildren's beliefs about aggression. Eighty 7–9 year olds (40 from each country) participated in interviews in which they were asked to make inferences about the stability, malleability, and causal origins of aggressive behaviour. Although a minority of participants from both countries endorsed essentialist beliefs about aggression, South African children were more likely than American children to do so. Results also revealed some degree of coherence in children's patterns of beliefs about aggression, such that children responded across superficially different measures in ways that appear theoretically consistent. The authors consider these findings in light of debates concerning the role of cultural forces in shaping person perception. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献