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951.
Humans are subject to the composite illusion: two identical top halves of a face are perceived as “different” when they are presented with different bottom halves. This observation suggests that when building a mental representation of a face, the underlying system perceives the whole face, and has difficulty decomposing facial features. We adapted a behavioural task that measures the composite illusion to examine the perception of faces in two nonhuman species. Specifically we had spider (Ateles geoffroyi) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perform a two-forced choice, match-to-sample task where only the top half of sample was relevant to the task. The results of Experiment 1 show that spider monkeys (N = 2) process the faces of familiar species (conspecifics and humans, but not chimpanzees, sheep, or sticks), holistically. The second experiment tested rhesus monkeys (N = 7) with the faces of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, sheep, and sticks. Contrary to prediction, there was no evidence of a composite effect in the human (or familiar primate) condition. Instead, we present evidence of a composite illusion in the chimpanzee condition (an unfamiliar primate). Together, these experiments show that visual expertise does not predict the composite effect across the primate order. 相似文献
952.
Melissa K. Goates-Jones Clara E. Hill Jessica V. Stahl Elizabeth E. Doschek 《Counselling psychology quarterly》2009,22(2):221-231
In an investigation of the exploration stage of single counselling sessions with 26 anxious female volunteer clients and 13 female doctoral student therapists, no overall association was found between client narrative processing modes and subsequent therapist verbal response modes. There was evidence in a third of the sample for an association between therapist response modes and subsequent client narrative modes, such that clients used more internal than external or reflexive narrative processing modes when therapists used open questions about feelings and reflections of feelings. Client and therapist helpfulness ratings did not differ for different therapist response modes or client narrative process modes. Hence, overall results suggested that all four therapist response modes (open questions about thoughts, open questions about feelings, restatements, reflections of feelings) are effective during the exploration stage. 相似文献
953.
Letters of recommendation (LORs) are a widely used selection tool with many issues associated with their use. To address some of these issues, 575 professionals in personnel‐related professions reported their experiences with LORs. We separated items into consensus, polarized, or neither categories. Experts reached consensus that letter inflation is a problem that may never be alleviated and that more weight is placed on letters written by someone the reader knows or from a prestigious institution or organization. Most items were polarized, suggesting substantial controversy in the field regarding LORs. Some items originally polarized reached consensus within profession (academic vs applied). Academic professionals reported using LORs more and placing more weight on their contents than applied professionals. Implications discussed include recommendations for future research and practice, such as the appropriate use of LORs, LOR formats, and training. 相似文献
954.
Clay B. Holroyd Olave E. Krigolson Robert Baker Seung Lee Jessica Gibson 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2009,9(1):59-70
A recent theory holds that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) uses reinforcement learning signals conveyed by the midbrain
dopamine system to facilitate flexible action selection. According to this position, the impact of reward prediction error
signals on ACC modulates the amplitude of a component of the event-related brain potential called the error-related negativity (ERN). The theory predicts that ERN amplitude is monotonically related to the expectedness of the event: It is larger for
unexpected outcomes than for expected outcomes. However, a recent failure to confirm this prediction has called the theory
into question. In the present article, we investigated this discrepancy in three trial-and-error learning experiments. All
three experiments provided support for the theory, but the effect sizes were largest when an optimal response strategy could
actually be learned. This observation suggests that ACC utilizes dopamine reward prediction error signals for adaptive decision
making when the optimal behavior is, in fact, learnable. 相似文献
955.
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957.
Scott P. Ardoin Jessica C. Williams Cynthia Klubnik Michael McCall 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):375-380
Although the literature clearly demonstrates that repeated readings result in immediate effects on students' performance on the intervention materials as well as long‐term benefits, data are less promising regarding its immediate generalization effects to similar materials. Using an alternating treatments design, the current study evaluated the effects of a multicomponent repeated reading intervention on generalization passages after students had read a passage three versus six times. Results indicated improvements in fluency as a result of both interventions, with slightly greater maintenance effects when students were given six opportunities to read passages. 相似文献
958.
Temperament and its Relationship to Autistic Symptoms in a High-Risk Infant Sib Cohort 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Garon N Bryson SE Zwaigenbaum L Smith IM Brian J Roberts W Szatmari P 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(1):59-78
The present study prospectively investigated early temperamental profiles and their associations with autistic symptoms in
high-risk infants (N = 138) with an older sibling with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) and low-risk infants (N = 73) with no family history of ASD. Children who were diagnosed with ASD at 36 months were distinguished from non-ASD sibs
and controls by a temperament profile marked by lower positive affect, higher negative affect and difficulty controlling attention
and behavior, which we labeled Effortful Emotion Regulation. This profile also distinguished the non-ASD sib group from the
control group. Children with ASD were distinguished from both of the other two groups by a temperament profile of low Behavioral
Approach (lower sensitivity to “social” reward cues). Low levels of Behavioral Approach were associated with a higher number
of ASD symptoms, even after taking into account IQ, sex and group membership. Finally, a cluster analysis revealed two ASD
subgroups distinguished by number of ASD symptoms, IQ, age of diagnosis and scores on the Behavioral Approach profile. These
findings suggest that temperament may be a useful framework for understanding the emergence of ASD early in life. 相似文献
959.
Allison Piper John C. Borrero Jessica L. Becraft 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(2):1058-1070
Becraft, Borrero, Davis, Mendres-Smith, and Castillo (2018) studied the effects of two different types of DRL schedules (full session and spaced responding) under 2 sets of stimulus conditions (with and without signals). Reduced rates of responding maintained under both types of DRL schedules, when signals were included. The present study represents a replication of procedures by Becraft et al. involving learners with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results replicated those of Becraft et al. in that responding in both full-session and spaced-responding DRL schedules was low, but not eliminated. These results provide preliminary evidence to suggest that children with ASD are responsive to signals in DRL arrangements, which may set the stage for evaluation of signaled DRL arrangements for socially significant response forms. 相似文献
960.
Kelly L. McConnell Jessica L. Sassi Lauren Carr Julia Szalwinski Aimee Courtemanche Fatoumatta Njie-Jallow Wendy R. Cheney 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2020,53(4):2233-2249
Patient disruption during dental visits can impede treatment and may result in invasive approaches to care. The current study evaluated the efficacy of graduated exposure with and without extinction to decrease disruption during dental treatment for 4 young men with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Modified functional analyses confirmed that disruption was maintained by escape from dental demands for all four young men. Initial treatment consisted of graduated exposure, whereby exam steps were initially removed and then gradually reintroduced as disruption remained low; throughout this phase, disruption resulted in a break from the exam. During the subsequent treatment phase, graduated exposure procedures continued and extinction for disruption was added. Graduated exposure alone did not result in sufficient treatment effects; however, the addition of extinction resulted in greater reductions in disruption and increases in exam completion for all 4 young men, and treatment effects generalized to a dental clinic setting. 相似文献