Coherence and coreference

Coherence in conversations and in texts can be partially characterized by a set of coherence relations, motivated ultimately by the speaker's or writer's need to be understood. In this paper, formal definitions are given for several coherence relations, based on the operations of an inference system; that is, the relations between successive portions of a discourse are characterized in terms of the inferences that can be drawn from each. In analyzing a discourse, it is frequently the case that we would recognize it as coherent, in that it would satisfy the formal definition of some coherence relation, if only we could assume certain noun phrases to be coreferential. In such cases, we will simply assume the identity of the entities referred to, in what might be called a “petty conversational implicature,” thereby solving the coherence and coreference problems simultaneously. Three examples of different kinds of reference problems are presented. In each, it is shown how the coherence of the discourse can be recognized, and how the reference problems are solved, almost as a by-product, by means of these petty conversational implicatures.     

Sensitivity and responsivity measures for discrimination learning

The present report considers alternative measures of sensitivity and response bias for the discrimination learning paradigm. The classical signal detection measures, d′ and β, were compared with their nonparametric equivalents, A′ and B″, with theoretical measures derived from threshold theory and with empirical measures derived from the ROC graph. Differential rabbit eyelid conditioning data from three experiments were analyzed with these measures, and the results of these analyses were used along with other information to determine which measures of sensitivity and response bias are most useful for the analysis of discrimination learning data.     

An investigation of relative preference for consistency motivation

The present experiment was designed to determine relative preference for fulfillment of consistency motivation. Ninety-two students rated their attraction to, identification with, and idealization of a hypothetical stimulus person who was represented as having fulfilled particular social motives such as approval, power, achievement and consistency. Results confirmed that subjects prefer persons who have satisfied traditional needs more so than others whose consistency desires have been fulfilled. Implications for the role of consistency motivation in social behavior are considered.     

MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF LAO CHILDREN1,2

Cette étude a pour propos d'examiner, chez des enfants laotiens âgés de six à quatorze ans, le développement du jugement moral dans deux domaines : le réalisme moral et la justice. Selon Piaget, le développement du réalisme moral, le passage de la responsabilité objective à la responsabilité subjective sont intimement liés à la qualité des interactions enfant-adultes, la contrainte adulte retardant le développement et la coopération l'accélérant. Le développement de l'idée de justice, d'autre part, serait moins dépendant de cette interaction et davantage lié aux rapports de groupe d'un même âge. En partant de l'hypothèse que les relations entre enfants d'un même groupe d'âge montrent une plus grande stabilité intercultutelle que les interactions adultes-enfants, on suppose que le développement de l'idée de justice présente un caractère plus universel que la genèse de l'idée de réalisme moral. Les résultats de la recherche ne confirment pas l'hypothèse. l'auteur conclut que le développement de l'idée de justice ne présente pas le même caractère d'universalité que la genèse des opérations cognitives et que le passage au jugement subjectif et à l'idée de justice peut dépendre d'autres facteurs que ceux identifiés par Piaget.