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When errors are present in the perceived depth between the parts of a physically stationary object, the object appears to rotate as the head is moved laterally (Gogel, 1980). This illusory rotation has been attributed either to compensation (Wallach, 1985, 1987) or to inferential-like processes (Rock, 1983). Alternatively, the perceived distances of and directions to the parts of the object are sufficient to explain the illusory perceived orientations and perceived rotations of the stimulus. This was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, a perceived illusory orientation of a stimulus object extended in depth was produced by misleading binocular disparity and was measured at two different lateral positions of the head under two conditions. In the static condition, the head was stationary at different times at each of the two measurement positions of the head. In the dynamic condition, continuous motion of the head occurred between these two positions. In Experiment 2, static and dynamic conditions of illusory stimulus orientation were observed with the head stationary. In Experiment 3, a perspective illusion instead of binocular disparity produced the errors in perceived depth. In no experiment did the perceived orientation of the object differ for the static and dynamic conditions. In the absence of head motion, neither compensatory nor inferential-like processes were available. It is concluded that these processes are not needed to explain either illusory or nonillusory perceptions of the orientation or rotation of stimuli viewed with a laterally moving head. 相似文献
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Televised toy commercials were observed during the 1977 (N=44) and 1978 (N=47) Christmas holiday seasons; children shown in the commercials were classified by sex and activity or passivity. In 1977 53 boys and 37 girls were observed; 71 boys and 35 girls were shown in 1978. There were significantly more boys than girls in the 1978 sample of commercials; more commercials contained boys than girls, and there were more boys than girls per commercial. Girls were more likely to appear in a passive role than boys were in the 1977 commercials. There were significantly fewer mixed-sex commericals than expected in 1977, but not in 1978. Percentages of commercials representing 12 toy categories and percentages of boys and girls appearing within each category are described; differences between years are discussed. 相似文献
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Jan D. Yoder Robert W. Rice Jerome Adams Robert F. Priest Howard T. Prince II 《Sex roles》1982,8(6):651-657
The stability and internal consistency of Spence and Helmreich's Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) and Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) are reported. An entire first-year class of 1,007 male and 78 female cadets at the U.S. Military Academy were given a battery of psychological tests before and after cadet basic training, a 2 1/2-month period. The AWS and PAQ proved to be highly reliable, comparable to other frequently used psychological tests. This psychometric information encourages researchers to make further use of these gender-related instruments.This research was conducted under research grants from the Army Research Institute (Alan G. Vitters and Jerome Adams, Principal Investigators). The views expressed herein are opinions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policy of the U.S. Army, the U.S. Military Academy, or the Army Research Institute. The authors appreciate the editorial comments of Dr. Brenda Major. 相似文献
149.
Charles L. Richman Tom Novack Claire Price Kathrynn A. Adams David Mitchell J. Steven Reznick Jerome Kagan 《Motivation and emotion》1983,7(2):157-167
Infants were shown three modeled acts presented in sequence. Imitation of one, two, or three of the modeled acts or failure to imitate was then observed. Distress was assessed prior to and following modeling. Infants who failed to imitate at least one act displayed a high level of distress. As a control, the same infants on another day observed the random manipulation of the stimuli. Distress failed to occur when the infants failed to imitate the scattering procedure. These results are discussed in terms of the child's development of internal standards. That is, during the latter part of the second year of life, infants show considerable distress when they fail to imitate coherent modeled acts. Since distress did not occur when the model simply scattered the stimuli, we assumed that interruption of play was not an incentive for distress. Deferred imitation was noted for older but not the younger cohorts. 相似文献
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One of the key principles underlying rational models of decision making is the idea that the decision maker should never choose an action that is stochastically dominated by another action. In the study reported in this article, violations of stochastic dominance frequently occurred when the payoffs produced by two actions were negatively correlated (in conflict), but no violations occurred when the payoffs were positively correlated (no conflict). This finding is contrary to models which assume that choice probability depends on the utility of each action, and the utility for an action depends solely on its own payoffs and probabilities. This article also reports, for the first time ever, the distribution of response times observed in a risky decision task. Both the violations of stochastic dominance and the response time distributions are explained in terms of a dynamic theory of decision making called multiattribute decision field theory. 相似文献