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101.
John Turri has recently provided two problem cases for the knowledge account of assertion (KAA) to argue for the express knowledge account of assertion (EKAA). We defend KAA by explaining away the intuitions about the problem cases and by showing that our explanation is theoretically superior to EKAA. 相似文献
102.
Jeroen G.W. Raaijmakers 《Cognitive Science》2003,27(3):431-452
Spacing between study trials of an item increases the probability that item will be recalled. This article presents a new model for spacing based on the SAM theory of memory developed by Raaijmakers and Shiffrin (1980, 1981). The model is a generalization of the SAM model as applied to interference paradigms (Mensink & Raaijmakers, 1988, 1989) and may be viewed as a mathematical version of the Component‐Levels theory proposed by Glenberg (1979). It is assumed that on a second presentation of an item, information is added to an existing trace if the episodic memory image corresponding to that item is retrieved. If it is not retrieved, a new image is stored. It is shown that the model predicts many standard findings including the lack of a spacing effect for the recall of at least one of two items each presented once (Ross & Landauer, 1978). 相似文献
103.
People humanize their ingroup to address existential concerns about their mortality, but the reasons why they do so remain ambiguous. One explanation is that people humanize their ingroup to bolster their social identity in the face of their mortality. Alternatively, people might be motivated to see their ingroup as more uniquely human (UH) to distance themselves from their corporeal “animal” nature. These explanations were tested in Australia, where social identity is tied less to UH and more to human nature (HN) which does not distinguish humans from animals. Australians attributed more HN traits to the ingroup when mortality was salient, while the attribution of UH traits remained unchanged. This indicates that the mortality-buffering function of ingroup humanization lies in reinforcing the humanness of our social identity, rather than just distancing ourselves from our animal nature. Implications for (de)humanization in intergroup relations are discussed. 相似文献
104.
Carlos G. Forero Josué Almansa Núria D. Adroher Jeroen K. Vermunt Gemma Vilagut Ron De Graaf Josep-Maria Haro Jordi Alonso Caballero 《Psychometrika》2014,79(3):470-488
Developmental studies of mental disorders based on epidemiological data are often based on cross-sectional retrospective surveys. Under such designs, observations are right-censored, causing underestimation of lifetime prevalences and correlations, and inducing bias in latent trait models on the observations. In this paper we propose a Partial Likelihood (PL) method to estimate unbiased IRT models of lifetime predisposition to develop a certain outcome. A two-step estimation procedure corrects the IRT likelihood of outcome appearance with a function depending on (a) projected outcome frequencies at the end of the risk period, and (b) outcome censoring status at the time of the observation. Simulation results showed that the PL method yielded good recovery of true frequencies and intercepts. Slopes were best estimated when events were sufficiently correlated. When PL is applied to lifetime mental health disorders (assessed in the ESEMeD project surveys), estimated univariate prevalences were, on average, 1.4 times above raw estimates, and 2.06 higher in the case of bivariate prevalences. 相似文献
105.
Mariëtte H. van Loon Anique B.H. de Bruin Tamara van Gog Jeroen J.G. van Merriënboer John Dunlosky 《Acta psychologica》2014
For effective self-regulated study of expository texts, it is crucial that learners can accurately monitor their understanding of cause-and-effect relations. This study aimed to improve adolescents' monitoring accuracy using a diagram completion task. Participants read six texts, predicted performance, selected texts for restudy, and were tested for comprehension. Three groups were compared, in which learners either completed causal diagrams immediately after reading, completed them after a delay, or received no-diagram control instructions. Accuracy of predictions of performance was highest for learning of causal relations following delayed diagram completion. Completing delayed diagrams focused learners specifically on their learning of causal relations, so this task did not improve monitoring of learning of factual information. When selecting texts for restudy, the participants followed their predictions of performance to the same degree, regardless of monitoring accuracy. Fine-grained analyses also showed that, when completing delayed diagrams, learners based judgments on diagnostic cues that indicated actual understanding of connections between events in the text. Most important, delayed diagram completion can improve adolescents' ability to monitor their learning of cause-and-effect relations. 相似文献
106.
Masha Y. Ivanova Thomas M. Achenbach Leslie A. Rescorla Lori V. Turner Adelina Ahmeti-Pronaj Alma Au Carmen Avila Maese Monica Bellina J. Carlos Caldas Yi-Chuen Chen Ladislav Csemy Marina M. da Rocha Jeroen Decoster Anca Dobrean Lourdes Ezpeleta Johnny R. J. Fontaine Yasuko Funabiki Halldór S. Guðmundsson Valerie S. Harder Marie Leiner de la Cabada Patrick Leung Jianghong Liu Safia Mahr Sergey Malykh Jelena Srdanovic Maras Jasminka Markovic David M. Ndetei Kyung Ja Oh Jean-Michel Petot Geylan Riad Direnc Sakarya Virginia C. Samaniego Sandra Sebre Mimoza Shahini Edwiges Silvares Roma Simulioniene Elvisa Sokoli Joel B. Talcott Natalia Vazquez Ewa Zasepa 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2015,37(2):171-183
107.
Kyra Hamilton Sheina Orbell Mikaela Bonham Jeroen Kroon Ralf Schwarzer 《Psychology, health & medicine》2018,23(5):619-627
We investigated the role of normative support, behavioural automaticity, and action control in predicting dental flossing behaviour. Between May and October 2015, 629 Australian young adults completed a questionnaire assessing constructs of normative support and automaticity, and a 2-week follow-up of dental flossing behaviour and action control, resulting in n = 241 persons for longitudinal analysis. Findings supported the hypotheses that the effect of normative support on behaviour would be mediated via automaticity, and the effect of automaticity would be moderated by action control. Current results extend previous research to elucidate the mechanisms that help to understand predictors of oral hygiene behaviours and contribute to the cumulative evidence concerning self-regulatory and automatic components of health behaviour. 相似文献
108.
The present work directly tests the persuasive potential of emotions in political slogans. Previous research that distinguished emotions on the human dimension found that individuals conform differently to the opinion of members of the in-group or the out-group when these targets expressed themselves in terms of uniquely human emotions (Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). In line with these findings, the present experiment tested the hypothesis that political slogans that express a uniquely human emotion and that are associated with the campaign of a political candidate who has the same political affiliation as participants (i.e., in-group) will induce more conformity reactions than a candidate of the opposing coalition (i.e., out-group) who presents similar kinds of slogans. Results confirmed this hypothesis on a subtle conformity measure and are discussed as a consequence of an infrahumanization process. Finally, possible applications of the presented findings and new avenues for future research are proposed. 相似文献
109.
Jeroen Stouten Eva Ceulemans Marieke E. Timmerman Alain Van Hiel 《Journal of applied social psychology》2011,41(2):357-380
Equality is an important coordination rule in social dilemmas. Studies have shown that a violation of equality elicits strong negative emotions. This research addresses whether these emotional reactions occur when another group member is in need of social support. Results showed that participants reacted less negatively if equality was violated and the other person was in need. Moreover, it was shown that there are individual differences in the extent to which people are influenced by fairness violations in their emotional reactions. In particular, Conscientiousness was important for people's emotional reactions, and people low rather than high in Conscientiousness reacted more negatively. These findings are discussed in light of coordination rules and emotions in social dilemmas and individual differences. 相似文献
110.
Explanatory pluralism is the view that the best form and level of explanation depends on the kind of question one seeks to
answer by the explanation, and that in order to answer all questions in the best way possible, we need more than one form
and level of explanation. In the first part of this article, we argue that explanatory pluralism holds for the medical sciences,
at least in theory. However, in the second part of the article we show that medical research and practice is actually not
fully and truly explanatory pluralist yet. Although the literature demonstrates a slowly growing interest in non-reductive
explanations in medicine, the dominant approach in medicine is still methodologically reductionist. This implies that non-reductive
explanations often do not get the attention they deserve. We argue that the field of medicine could benefit greatly by reconsidering
its reductive tendencies and becoming fully and truly explanatory pluralist. Nonetheless, trying to achieve the right balance
in the search for and application of reductive and non-reductive explanations will in any case be a difficult exercise. 相似文献