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91.
Annika Melinder Kristen Alexander Gail S. Goodman Kyrre Lonnum 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2010,105(3):156-177
A critical issue for developmental psychology is how to obtain accurate and complete eyewitness memory reports from preschoolers without offering suggestions that might result in false allegations. We examined effects of two interviewing strategies (police/verbal interviews and clinician/prop-assisted interviews) on young children’s reports about a medical examination. A total of 58 4-year-olds participated in the study, which conformed to a 2 (Interview Type) × 2 (Number of Interviews) factorial design. Analyses revealed that interviewers spent less time off topic and asked more free recall questions in the police/verbal interviews than in the clinician/prop-assisted interviews. Compared with police/verbal interviews, clinician/prop-assisted interviews resulted in significantly more correct rejections and commission errors in children’s memory reports. However, on a final free recall test, error rates were comparable across conditions. Higher child verbal intelligence predicted memory accuracy in police/verbal interviews, and greater parental attachment anxiety predicted children being asked a higher number of misleading questions. The study provides new insights into interview techniques that promote preschoolers’ accurate eyewitness reports. 相似文献
92.
93.
John J. Skowronski Constantine Sedikides Jeremy D. Heider Sarah E. Wood Cory R. Scherer 《Journal of personality》2010,78(1):361-391
ABSTRACT In 3 experiments, some participants read a story describing ambiguously mean behaviors performed by another person. Other participants read the story and imagined that they performed the behaviors. Results showed that (a) exposure to a conceptual priming manipulation caused assimilation effects in actor meanness judgments, regardless of whether the actor was self or other, (b) tasks designed neither to heighten self-concept accessibility nor to threaten the self moderated the effects of conceptual meanness primes on self-meanness judgments, and (c) this lack of moderation occurred despite considerable evidence of self–enhancement effects elsewhere in self-judgments. A fourth experiment examined the extent to which priming affected interpretations of real self or other behavior. Results were consistent with the idea that priming altered event interpretation and subsequent judgments but also suggested that judgments were influenced by self-enhancement motivation. Implications of the results for theorizing in personality and self-knowledge acquisition are discussed. 相似文献
94.
Jeremy Shearmur 《Sophia》2010,49(4):475-488
This paper addresses the intellectual motivation of some of those involved in the intelligent design movement. It identifies
their concerns with the critique of the claim that Darwinism offers an adequate explanation of prima facie teleological features
in biology, a critique of naturalism, and the concern on the part of some of these authors including Dembski, with the revival
of 'Old Princeton' apologetics. It is argued that their work is interesting and is in principle intellectually legitimate.
It is also suggested, however, that it needs to be appraised qua 'research programme' (after the fashion of the early work
of Lakatos), and that, seen in that light, what needs to be accomplished might seem daunting. 相似文献
95.
Jeremy Gwiazda 《Sophia》2010,49(1):141-143
In this reply to Jesse Steinberg’s ‘God and the possibility of random creation’, I suggest a procedure whereby a being such
as God could randomly select a number from an infinite set. 相似文献
96.
Jeremy Gwiazda 《Philosophia》2010,38(2):357-363
Richard Swinburne’s argument in The Existence of God discusses many probabilities, ultimately concluding that God probably
exists. Swinburne gives exact values to almost none of these probabilities. I attempted to assign values to the probabilities
that met that weak condition that they could be correct. In this paper, I first present a brief outline of Swinburne’s argument
in The Existence of God. I then present the problems I encountered in Swinburne’s argument, specifically problems that interfered
with my attempt to arrive at values for the probabilities discussed by Swinburne. Finally, I suggest that Swinburne’s argument
would be more persuasive if he assigned exact values to his probabilities. 相似文献
97.
Anna Goodman Donna L. Lamping George B. Ploubidis 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(8):1179-1191
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a widely used child mental health questionnaire with five hypothesised
subscales. There is theoretical and preliminary empirical support for combining the SDQ’s hypothesised emotional and peer
subscales into an ‘internalizing’ subscale and the hypothesised behavioral and hyperactivity subscales into an ‘externalizing’
subscale (alongside the fifth prosocial subscale). We examine this using parent, teacher and youth SDQ data from a representative
sample of 5–16 year olds in Britain (N = 18,222). Factor analyses generally supported second-order internalizing and externalizing factors, and the internalizing
and externalizing subscales showed good convergent and discriminant validity across informants and with respect to clinical
disorder. By contrast, discriminant validity was poorer between the emotional and peer subscales and between the behavioral,
hyperactivity and prosocial subscales. This applied particularly to children with low scores on those subscales. We conclude
that there are advantages to using the broader internalizing and externalizing SDQ subscales for analyses in low-risk samples,
while retaining all five subscales when screening for disorder. 相似文献
98.
This article examines the responsibilities of researchers who conduct exploratory research to provide a service to vulnerable respondents. The term “service” is used to denote the provision of a tangible benefit in relation to the research question that is apart from the altruistic research benefits. This article explores what this “service” could look like, who might be responsible for providing it, and the challenges associated with such a service. The article argues that not providing a tangible benefit to vulnerable research participants is inconsistent with the principle of social justice that undergirds much of the rationale for conducting health disparities research. 相似文献
99.
Celia B. Fisher Adam L. Fried Sabrina J. Goodman Kaori Kubo Germano 《Ethics & behavior》2013,23(3):227-252
Drawing upon two independent national samples of 201 and 241 psychology graduate students, this article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of 4 Web-based student self-report scales tapping student socialization in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) with human participants. The Mentoring the Responsible Conduct of Research Scale (MRCR) is composed of 2 subscales assessing RCR instruction and modeling by research mentors. The 2 subscales of the RCR Department Climate Scale (RCR-DC) assess RCR department policies and faculty and student RCR practices. The RCR Preparedness scale (RCR-P) and the RCR Field Integrity scale (RCR-FI) measure respectively students' confidence in their ability to conduct research responsibly and their belief in the RCR integrity of psychology as a discipline. Factor analysis, coefficient alphas, correlations, and multiple regression analyses demonstrated each of the scales had good internal consistency and concurrent and construct validity. 相似文献
100.
Morris Goodman 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2013,63(2):223-227
Charismatic relationships occur frequently in treatment of substance abusers because patients are regressed and have temporary needs for inspiration and guidance. The therapist who assesses patients' needs for charisma in the pregroup evaluation can avoid the twin pitfalls of placing patients in groups with insufficient or excessive charismatic leadership. Too little charismatic leadership is ineffective; patients remain regressed and the group does not come together. Too much charismatic leadership stifles patients' growth. As patients develop control over their addictive behavior, the need for charisma diminishes. A sensitive leader can recognize this from changes in patients' attitudes toward their addictions and from indicators of autonomy in the group process. The leader can then accept the need for adjustments in leadership style to avoid hindering patients' growth. 相似文献