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Maryalice Citera Jenny Isaacs Susan Berrill-Ross 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1999,18(4):368-380
The purpose of this experiment was to examine if groups escalate more than individuals when information is not distributed
to all group members. The experiment also attempted to replicate Bazerman, Beekun, and Schoorman's (1992) findings, that participants
with high responsibility escalate more than participants with low responsibility. The task was a modified version of the Heeley
Store Case (Bazerman et al., 1992). The dependent measures fell into three categories: rewards, appropriateness of layoff/demotion,
and forecasted future performance. The results showed little support for the hypotheses. First, high responsibility participants
escalated significantly more than low responsibility candidates for only one of the six measures. This may have been due to
the fact that all participants felt responsible for their decisions. For the other dependent variables, the effect was either
not significant or in the wrong direction. Second, no significant interaction was found between responsibility and decision-making
context (individual, groups with all shared information, and groups with shared and unshared information). We then analyzed
the data using a measure of felt responsibility as a covariate. The interaction between felt responsibility and decision-making
context was significant only for layoff decision. For all of the other measures, no significant interaction was found. One
possible reason why our hypotheses were not supported may have been that the groups felt a diffusion of responsibility. Larger
groups may have also demonstrated the effects of group processes more effectively. No clear conclusions can be made regarding
the influence of information sampling on escalation.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1998 meetings of the American Psychological Society. 相似文献
145.
John MacDonald Dominic Dwyer Jenny Ferris Harry McGurk 《Behavior research methods》1978,10(6):845-847
A system is described involving an audio-video tape recorder, a control device, and a delay timer that dubs speech sounds onto prerecorded lip movements on videotape. Accuracy of synchrony or measured asynchrony between the sound and lip movements is a few milliseconds. 相似文献
146.
Leslie J. Francis Mandy Robbins Jenny Rolph Douglas Turton Paul Rolph 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(5):551-561
This study links and tests three strands of theory concerned with explaining individual differences in levels of professional
burnout in general and among religious professionals in particular. These three strands concern the significance of current
self-esteem, recalled self-esteem as a child, and personality. Data were provided by a sample of 1,278 male stipendiary parochial
clergy working in the Church of England who completed the modified Maslach Burnout Inventory (specially designed for use among
clergy), and the short-form Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (designed to measure the personality dimensions of extraversion,
neuroticism and psychoticism), together with a semantic differential index of recalled self-esteem as a child. The bivariate
correlation coefficients demonstrated significant associations between more positive self-esteem as a child and lower levels
of professional burnout (higher personal accomplishment, lower emotional exhaustion and lower depersonalisation). The bivariate
correlation coefficients also demonstrated significant associations between personality and professional burnout. Multiple
regression analyses, however, demonstrated that the association between recalled self-esteem as a child and professional burnout
largely disappeared after controlling for the personality variables. The conclusion is drawn that knowledge about the personality
profile of clergy functions as a more secure predictor of susceptibility to professional burnout than knowledge about recalled
self-esteem as a child. 相似文献
147.
Suicide-related behavior (SRB), including suicide attempts and instrumental SRB, occurs far more often than completed suicide and exacts a toll on patients, their loved ones, and society. Nevertheless, few prospective studies of SRB have been conducted. In this study, 954 patients were interviewed in a psychiatric hospital and then followed for one year after discharge. During this one-year period, nearly one-quarter of patients (23%) engaged in SRB, with the rate of suicide attempts (18%) three times greater than the rate of instrumental SRB (5%). Risk factors for SRB were demographic (White ethnicity, female gender), clinical (past SRB, depression, impaired functioning), and contextual (unemployment, large social networks). In contrast with other studies, there was no "peak" in the risk of SRB shortly after hospital discharge. Instead, patients' rate of SRB was relatively constant over the one-year follow-up. Implications for risk assessment and management in acute inpatient settings are discussed. 相似文献
148.
Tsai JH 《Adolescence》2006,41(162):285-298
Immigrant youth often rebuild their friendships and other social networks after arriving in a new country. The difficulties involved can threaten their psychosocial development. Formation of social networks needs to be understood within the macro sociocultural context that shapes the experience. Nonetheless, the current literature on social network formation rarely captures that context. Knowledge about immigrant youths' social network, for example, is often embedded in assimilation, ethnic identity, and adaptation literature. This paper examines how the sociocultural context enables immigrant youth to rebuild their friendship networks. A critical ethnography was conducted in the northwest region of the United States. Sixteen Taiwanese immigrant youth and their parents (N = 13) participated in the study. Data collection consisted of semi-structured in-depth interviews, a demographic questionnaire, and participant observations. The findings showed that because of limited English proficiency, the youth kept at a distance from American peers to avoid nervousness and embarassment. Further analysis, derived from xenophobia, found that limited English proficiency increases segregation between American peers ("we") and immigrant youth ("the other"). The English as a Second Language program inadvertently perpetuates the immigrants' sense of "otherness" and increases the odds of their becoming targets of discrimination. A protective factor for these youths is living near an ethnic community because the inclusion of coethnics increases new friendship networks. Knowledge about the teen culture in coethnics' countries of origin (China, Hong Kong, or the United States), also influences their selection of friends. 相似文献
149.
Kitayama S Ishii K Imada T Takemura K Ramaswamy J 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2006,91(3):369-384
The authors hypothesized that economically motivated voluntary settlement in the frontier fosters independent agency. While illuminating the historical origin of American individualism, this hypothesis can be most powerfully tested in a region that is embedded in a broader culture of interdependence and yet has undergone a recent history of such settlement. The authors therefore examined residents of Japan's northern island (Hokkaido). Hokkaido was extensively settled by ethnic Japanese beginning in the 1870s and for several decades thereafter. Many of the current residents of Hokkaido are the descendents of the original settlers from this period. As predicted, Japanese socialized and/or immersed in Hokkaido were nearly as likely as European Americans in North America to associate happiness with personal achievement (Study 1), to show a personal dissonance effect wherein self-justification is motivated by a threat to personal self-images (Study 2), and to commit a dispositional bias in causal attribution (Study 3). In contrast, these marker effects of independent agency were largely absent for non-Hokkaido residents in Japan. Implications for theories of cultural change and persistence are discussed. 相似文献
150.
Work and organizational psychology (WOP) research has to date mostly focused on people privileged to have the choice between several attractive job options and less on people who are restricted in their job choice (e.g., due to their qualification or personal contingencies) and have to choose from fewer and often less-than-optimal jobs. Often, the jobs available to the latter are characterized by precarious employment and hazardous working conditions which can put them in the difficult situation of having to choose between a health-threatening job and possible unemployment. Building on interdisciplinary literature, we propose the employment–health dilemma (E-H dilemma) as a framework for analyzing this intrapersonal conflict of having to choose between employment (incurring health threats) and health (incurring economic threats) and discuss potential antecedents and consequences of the E-H dilemma at the societal, organizational, and individual level. We outline the implications of the E-H dilemma and make a case for examining the full spectrum of job choice situations in WOP research. In doing so, we demonstrate what WOP can gain by embracing a more inclusive and multidisciplinary approach: uncovering processes in their entirety (e.g., job choice decisions of all people) and strengthening the role and legitimacy of WOP in society. 相似文献