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301.
The present research was comprised of two studies that aimed to explore the role of religious and spiritual variables in the psychological adjustment and quality of life of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In study 1, religious behavior and objective levels of spirituality and religiosity were not significantly related to psychological adjustment or quality of life among people with MS. Positive religious coping was negatively related to psychological adjustment and quality of life. In study 2, Intrinsic religious orientation and Quest religious orientation were related to poor psychological adjustment. Implications of the present research for people with MS and other chronic illnesses are discussed. 相似文献
302.
Mothers (N = 168, M age = 37.0 yr., SD = 4.6) responded to a questionnaire of scales measuring sources of stress and symptoms of stress within themselves, and symptoms of stress in their 5-8-yr.-old children (61 girls, 98 boys; M age = 7.3 yr., SD = 1.0). Scores on all scales intercorrelated significantly, indicating a relationship between maternal stress and stress of the child. Both types of stress also correlated with the frequency of punishment of the child. Both maternal stress and frequency of punishment predicted stress symptoms in the children, maternal stress being a somewhat stronger predictor. 相似文献
303.
Stevens SE Sonuga-Barke EJ Kreppner JM Beckett C Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Rutter M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(3):385-398
The current study examined the persistence and phenotypic presentation of inattention/overactivity (I/O) into early adolescence,
in a sample of institution reared (IR) children adopted from Romania before the age of 43 months. Total sample comprised 144
IR and 21 non-IR Romanian adoptees, and a comparison group of 52 within-UK adoptees, assessed at ages 6 and 11 years. I/O
was rated using Rutter Scales completed by parents and teachers. I/O continued to be strongly associated with institutional
deprivation, with continuities between ages 6 and 11 outcomes. There were higher rates of deprivation-related I/O in boys
than girls, and I/O was strongly associated with conduct problems, disinhibited attachment and executive function but not
IQ more generally, independently of gender. Deprivation-related I/O shares many common features with ADHD, despite its different
etiology and putative developmental mechanisms. I/O is a persistent domain of impairment following early institutional deprivation
of 6 months or more, suggesting there may be a possible pathway to impairment through some form of neuro-developmental programming
during critical periods of early development. 相似文献
304.
Colvert E Rutter M Kreppner J Beckett C Castle J Groothues C Hawkins A Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1057-1068
Theory of Mind (ToM) and Executive Function (EF) have been associated with autism and with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), and hence might play a role in similar syndromes found following profound early institutional deprivation.
In order to examine this possibility the current study included a group of 165 Romanian adoptees, of whom 144 were adopted
into the UK from deprived institutional settings before 43months of age, and a group of 52 within-UK adoptees, all adopted
before 6months of age. Both groups were assessed at 6 and 11years. The Strange Stories task was used to assess ToM and the
Stroop task was used to assess EF, both at age 11. The Romanian adoptees displayed deficits in both ToM and EF compared with
the within-UK adoptee group. The degree of deficit was greater for children who had experienced more than 6months of institutional
deprivation. Deficits in both domains (ToM and EF) were associated with each of the three apparently deprivation-specific
problems, namely quasi-autism, disinhibited attachment and inattention/overactivity. Statistical analyses indicated a mediating
role for both ToM and EF with respect to quasi-autism; possibly a partial mediating role for EF with respect to inattention/overactivity;
and probably no mediating role for either ToM or EF in the case of disinhibited attachment. In conclusion, there is evidence
for a possible mediating role for ToM and EF in the development of some apparently deprivation-specific difficulties in institution-reared
Romanian adoptees, but neither accounts for the overall pattern of deprivation-related difficulties. 相似文献
305.
Human social, cognitive, and linguistic functioning depends on skills for rapidly processing action. Identifying distinct acts within the dynamic motion flow is one basic component of action processing; for example, skill at segmenting action is foundational to action categorization, verb learning, and comprehension of novel action sequences. Yet little is currently known about mechanisms that may subserve action segmentation. The present research documents that adults can register statistical regularities providing clues to action segmentation. This finding provides new evidence that structural knowledge gained by mechanisms such as statistical learning can play a role in action segmentation, and highlights a striking parallel between processing of action and processing in other domains, such as language. 相似文献
306.
307.
Tyler D. Nighbor Jenny E. Ozga‐Hess Karen G. Anderson Kennon A. Lattal 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2019,111(3):479-492
In two experiments, the role of the response–reinforcer relation in maintaining low‐rate responding under unsignaled delay conditions was investigated. In both experiments pecking by pigeons on one response key, denoted the relevant key, was reinforced under an unsignaled delay‐of‐reinforcement procedure (defined as tandem variable‐interval (VI) differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other behavior [DRO] schedule). Responding on a second key, denoted the irrelevant key, had no programmed consequences. Between sessions, the location of the relevant key varied (after one, two, or three sessions) pseudorandomly. In Experiment 1, the delay (DRO) duration was manipulated parametrically. Overall, proportional relevant‐key response rates (relevant‐key response rates / [relevant‐key response rates + irrelevant key response rates]) increased across 3‐session sequences in which the relevant key remained in the same location and decreased as the DRO duration was changed systematically (2, 5, and 10 s). In Experiment 2, acute administration of d‐amphetamine increased proportional relevant‐key response rates during 1‐day sequences for only the DRO 5‐s duration, and results over 3‐day sequences, once a discrimination had already been established, were inconsistent. Results support that the response–reinforcer relation is the primary determinant of responding, and such discriminations are relatively resistant to disruption or potentiation by behaviorally active doses of d‐amphetamine. 相似文献
308.
Guidelines for addressing and managing client suicide risk include discussing and conceptualizing protective factors. Counselors should be able to recall and discuss suicide protective factors that are applicable across client populations. SHORES, a suicide protective factors mnemonic that is supported by the literature, has applications for risk assessment and crisis intervention across settings, preventative care, strengths‐based management, and counselor training. A case example and discussion serve to illustrate the wide‐ranging application of SHORES in counseling practice. 相似文献
309.
Sarah Grogan Daisy O’Brien Kathryn Brownbridge Simeon Gill Jenny Cole Christopher J. Armitage 《Psychology & health》2019,34(5):550-568
Objective: Whole-body scanning is now available in stores to assist buyers in choosing well-fitting clothes. This study was designed to investigate men’s accounts of scanning, body image and expectations of behaviour change. Design: Ten men aged 18–39 years without histories of eating disorders or previous experience of whole-body scanning, took part in semi-structured interviews before and after scanning. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Pre-scan, men’s body ideals were tall, slender and relatively muscular. Post-scan, seven reported looking shorter, fatter, thinner and/or less symmetrical than they hoped; three were pleasantly surprised by the images. Men were interested in scans as an objective view of their bodies and as a ‘wake-up call’ to motivate healthy behaviours. Five men intended to change their behaviour as a result of scanning, and repeat scanning was seen as a good way to monitor behavioural changes. Participants suggested that scanning may raise body concerns in other men, though downplayed impacts on their own body image. Conclusion: Whole-body scanning may encourage men to exercise and eat more healthily. However, men became more negative about their bodies as a result of seeing their body scans, so scanning needs to be carried out with supervision and support. 相似文献
310.
Women have been found to outperform men on face recognition tasks, specifically in the recognition of female faces. Men do not seem to exhibit a corresponding own-sex bias. To examine the generality and possible reasons for these patterns, 107 men and 112 women viewed faces of both children and adults of either Swedish or Bangladeshi origin, for later recognition. As expected, women were especially good at remembering female faces, but also outperformed men on male faces. Men did not show an own-sex bias. Thus, regardless of age and ethnicity of the faces, women performed at a higher level than men on both female and male faces, possibly reflecting enhanced interest in faces, and in particular, female faces. 相似文献