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911.
Brian?SchragEmail author Latisha?Love-Gregory Karen?M.?T.?Muskavitch Jennifer?McCafferty 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(3):409-418
This case is part of a series of case studies used as an exercise within a program on research ethics education. The case
involves research on genetic birth defects in a culturally distinct, closed religious community in which elders speak for
the community. The case raises ethical issues of informed consent in such a setting; of collaboration with the community;
of conflicts between the researchers’ responsibilities to the community as a whole and to individual subjects; of the impact
of the researcher’s findings on the practices and values of the community and issues regarding how the researchers share findings
with subjects and how the findings are stored. 相似文献
912.
Although nCPAP therapy has proven to be efficient at removing symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), recovery from depression frequently remains unsatisfactory. Other studies have shown that recall of autobiographical memories (AM) is a psychological vulnerability marker for depression, and also have shown its predictive power for the course of depression. It is therefore hypothesized that AM also predict the course of depressive affect in OSAS patients. Fifty-four consecutively admitted OSAS patients received standard nCPAP therapy. Specificity of AM assessed at the beginning of treatment was used as a predictor in a regression analysis, and the extent of recovery from depression over a follow-up period of between six to nine weeks served as the criterion variable. The results supported the hypothesis that patients who were able to recall more specific AM in response to positively valenced cue words showed a more substantial recovery from depression. This has important treatment implications. 相似文献
913.
Examining the locus of age effects on complex span tasks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To investigate the locus of age effects on complex span tasks, the authors evaluated the contributions of working memory functions and processing speed. Age differences were found in measures of storage capacity, language processing speed, and lower level speed. Statistically controlling for each of these in hierarchical regressions substantially reduced, but did not eliminate, the complex span age effect. Accounting for lower level speed and storage, however, removed essentially the entire age effect, suggesting that both functions play important and independent roles. Additional evidence for the role of storage capacity was the absence of complex span age differences with span size calibrated to individual word span performance. Explanations for age differences based on inhibition and concurrent task performamce were not supported. 相似文献
914.
When items on a recognition test are presented as a series of increasingly complete fragments rather than being presented initially in their fully intact form, adults' judgments of recognition exhibit an increased tendency to judge items as "old," an illusion of recognition referred to as the revelation effect. The present study used pictorial stimuli to test for a revelation effect with 4-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and adults (N = 76). A reliable revelation effect was found at all ages tested, indicating that the complex fluency-of-processing discrepancy detection and attribution mechanisms thought to be responsible for the effect function similarly across an age range from 4-years-of-age through adulthood. It was also found that the recognition decisions of the 8-year-olds and the adults were affected by how quickly they were able to identify a picture during the revelation phase of the recognition test. This effect was not found with the 4-year-olds, suggesting an age difference in the awareness and strategic use of an implicit memory effect when making explicit judgments of recognition. 相似文献
915.
Brittney Beck Steen Halling Marie McNabb Daniel Miller Jan O. Rowe Jennifer Schulz 《Journal of religion and health》2003,42(4):339-354
Hopelessness is a fundamental human experience, and yet is often considered evidence either of sin or of illness. This dialogal phenomenological study, based on in-depth interviews, takes a fresh look at despair as experienced by people across a variety of ages and contexts, and at the consequences and outcomes of these feelings. At the heart of despair is a sense of isolation, impotence, and an immutable future, and yet it may give rise to new purpose or a new understanding and acceptance of life with its possibilities and limitations. The therapeutic implications of this understanding of despair are discussed with a focus on how presence can be healing. 相似文献
916.
Four European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) discriminated a 300-ms segment of starling song from a 300-ms segment of budgerigar song in three contexts in a two-choice key-peck operant discrimination task. In the starling-song context, on each trial, one of the song segments was presented in the context of starling song; in the budgerigar-song context, the segments were presented in the context of budgerigar song. In the no-song context, the song segments were presented outside of a song context. On occasional unreinforced probe trials, the song segments were replaced by either white noise or silence. On noise trials in the two song contexts, but not on silent trials in the song contexts or noise trials in the no-song context, the starlings were significantly more likely to respond to the key associated with the starling song segment than to the key associated with the budgerigar song segment. This effect was especially pronounced in the starling-song context. The results indicate that noise induces perceptual restoration of missing birdsong segments in songbirds. 相似文献
917.
Recall by children ages 16–32 months was tested on event sequences that were either arbitrarily ordered or were constrained by enabling relations. Even the youngest children reliably recalled the enabling sequences. It was not until 20 months and older that the children performed at above-chance levels on the arbitrarily ordered events. 相似文献
918.
Jennifer L. Hurt Jillian A. Maver David Hofmann 《Journal of applied social psychology》1999,29(7):1395-1415
The current research examines the judgment processes of third-party evaluators of sexual harassment situations. Four situational variables were hypothesized to influence ratings of situation appropriateness and judgments of sexual harassment. The evaluator's gender and personality also were hypothesized to influence both ratings. Participants were 73 male and 51 female undergraduate students. Results indicated that behavior severity and victim response significantly influenced ratings. The frequency of the behavior influenced appropriateness ratings, but interacted with behavior severity for harassment judgments. The effects of the gender of the evaluator were mediated by the evaluator's level of tolerance for harassment. The effects of the power relationship and rater personality were not significant. 相似文献
919.
Mark H. Davis Kyle V. Mitchell Jennifer A. Hall Jennifer Lothert Tyra Snapp & Marnee Meyer 《Journal of personality》1999,67(3):469-503
Although considerable evidence indicates that dispositional empathy is associated with the degree of help that observers will offer needy targets, little is known about the effect of empathy on one's initial willingness to enter situations in which such needy targets might be found. Three studies were conducted to evaluate two related propositions: (1) that dispositional empathy influences such situational preferences, and (2) that this influence is mediated by the expectancies one holds regarding the emotions likely to occur in those situations. Using hypothetical judgments, Study 1 found support for both propositions. Study 2, in which participants believed that their responses actually committed them to encountering needy targets, provided further support for the model, as did Study 3, which examined the experiences of actual community volunteers. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
920.
Raymond G. Miltenberger Jennifer A. Roberts Sherry Ellingson Tami Galensky John T. Rapp Ethan S. Long Vicki A. Lumley 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1999,32(3):385-388
Previous research has shown that behavioral skills training to teach sexual abuse prevention skills to women with mental retardation results in skill acquisition but poor generalization. In this investigation we evaluated procedures for enhancing generalization following training. Five women with mental retardation received 10 behavioral skills training sessions followed by in situ training when the skills did not fully generalize. Behavioral skills training resulted in skill acquisition and in situ training produced generalized responding during naturalistic assessments. 相似文献