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991.
The present study investigated whether expertise with letter string processing influences visual short-term memory capacity. Specifically, we examined whether performance in a change-detection task would vary as a function of stimulus type (letters vs. symbols) and type of display (horizontal, vertical, and circular). Participants were asked to detect a one-character change in a briefly presented character array following a delay of 900?ms. Concurrent articulation was used to limit effects of rehearsal. Type of display significantly affected performance with letters, but not with symbols, with a selective increase in change-detection accuracy for horizontally presented letter arrays compared with vertical and circular arrays. These findings confirm the standard limits of storage in visual short-term memory, but critically reveal a selective advantage for letter arrays over symbol arrays when presented horizontally. Such an advantage is probably due to the utilization of a specialized encoding mechanism built up over years of reading experience. 相似文献
992.
Maria Francesca Cracolici Francesca Giambona Miranda Cuffaro 《Applied research in quality of life》2012,7(1):17-47
Using Italian data on Income and living conditions for the year 2005, the paper investigates the main determinants of households’
subjective economic well-being by means of a Partial Proportional Ordered Logit Model. According to a joint subjective and
objective perspective of analysis, we use as dependent variable the perceived ability of households to make ends meet. Whereas,
we use as explanatory variables some objective aspects of living conditions relating to housing, financial equilibrium, possession
of durables and quality of residence place and some socio-demographic characteristics. The empirical results show that the
financial strain is the most relevant dimension of living conditions influencing the subjective economic well-being, but its
effect is attenuated depending on the level of education and the tenure status of accommodation. Actually, when the highest
levels of education are coupled with the status of self-employee and house-owner households have more chances to reach a higher
probability to be economically satisfied. The insights coming out from the results may call for different policy measures
depending on the degree of well-being and the characteristics of households. In particular, more efficient policies would
be oriented to sustain the households’ income, to encourage to buy a house and to allow young people to get the highest levels
of education. 相似文献
993.
Fonseca-Pedrero E Paino M Lemos-Giráldez S Sierra-Baigrie S González MP Bobes J Muňiz J 《Journal of personality disorders》2011,25(4):542-556
The main purpose of this study was to explore the dimensionality of the borderline personality disorder in nonclinical young adults by means of the Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ; Poreh et al., 2006). We also studied the phenotypic expression of the borderline personality traits as a function of participants' gender and age, and the relationship between BPQ subscales and measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, hallucinatory predisposition, and paranoid ideation. The sample comprised 809 young adults, 562 (69.5%) were women, with a mean age of 20.2 years (SD = 2.9). The results indicate that the BPQ self-report has adequate psychometric properties. The levels of internal consistency for the BPQ subscales ranged between .78 and .93. Analysis of the internal structure of the BPQ subscales yielded a one-dimensional solution. In contrast, second-order principal components analysis at the item level yielded a five-dimensional solution. Likewise, statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the borderline personality traits as a function of participants' gender and age were found. The BPQ subscales correlated significantly with measures of depression, anxiety, stress, paranoid ideation, and hallucinatory predisposition. These results help to improve our understanding of the dimensional structure of the borderline personality in the general population. Future research should continue to identify participants who are at risk for the development of borderline personality disorder and facilitating the development of early detection and prevention programs. 相似文献
994.
Maria Donata Orfei Carlo Caltagirone Claudia Cacciari Francesca Assogna Gianfranco Spalletta 《Applied cognitive psychology》2011,25(6):927-932
Cognitive insight is the ability to monitor and correct one's own erroneous convictions. The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) assesses two sub‐dimensions of cognitive insight: self‐reflectiveness (SR), which is the attitude of questioning one's own judgments; and self‐certainty (SC), which is the unwillingness to modify and correct one's own convictions. There is little information about cognitive insight in healthy participants (HP). Here we investigated the socio‐demographic and neuropsychological correlates of cognitive insight in 50 HP who were administered the BCIS and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. The global BCIS R‐C index correlated positively with age and WCST perseverative errors. SR correlated positively with age. These data support the hypothesis that a less self‐reflective and more self‐confident style is cognitively functional in HP. Thus, what has been found malfunctioning in mental illnesses is adaptive in HP. Future studies should consider a wider range of factors that might affect this complex construct. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
995.
Bárbara Nazaré Ana Fonseca Sofia Gameiro Maria Cristina Canavarro Frank M. Dattilio 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(2):128-142
Due to the risk of fetal anomaly, pregnant women of advanced maternal age are given the option to undergo amniocentesis. In
our study we aimed to describe couples’ decision-making process regarding amniocentesis, and assess whether it is influenced
by marital intimacy and men’s participation in genetic counseling. During pregnancy, 112 couples answered the Personal Assessment
of Intimacy in Relationships questionnaire and scales regarding the decision to undergo amniocentesis. Most couples shared
and reached an agreement regarding this decision. Higher levels of marital engagement and communication, but not men’s participation,
were associated with higher agreement, influence, and decision-sharing. Clinical implications are discussed. 相似文献
996.
Sofia Gameiro Mariana Moura-Ramos Maria Cristina Canavarro Teresa Almeida Santos Frank M. Dattilio 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(2):91-106
In this study we examined the congruence between partners’ perceptions of their marital relationship during the transition
to parenthood and the effect of depression during pregnancy on couples’ congruence during the early postpartum period. Thirty-one
couples who conceived spontaneously, along with thirty-five who conceived through assisted reproductive technologies (ART),
provided data on their marital relationship and depression at their 24th pregnancy week and four months after the partum.
All couples reported a decrease in marital congruence. Couples who conceived through ART reported lower marital congruence.
For these subjects, women’s depression was associated with lower congruence. Interventions that focus on strengthening the
marital relationship across the transition to parenthood should assess and promote couples’ congruence. 相似文献
997.
Most research on sexual harassment has involved undergraduate students and European Americans, whose perspectives may not be representative of the broader population. This study investigated whether judgments of a sexual harassment trial vary by plaintiff ethnicity (European American or Latin American), type of sample (undergraduates or community members) and mock juror ethnicity (European American or Latin American). We also tested the effects of a cultural relativist argument about Latin American cultural values influencing the plaintiff. Results indicated that community and Latin American mock jurors rendered more pro-plaintiff verdicts, particularly when the case did not include a cultural relativist argument. Although the cultural relativist argument did not affect undergraduates' judgments, it caused a backlash among community members, leading to more pro-defendant verdicts. Judgments across type of sample and mock juror ethnicity were partially mediated by self-referencing and hostile sexism; affiliation with Latin American culture also predicted judgments of the Latina American plaintiff. 相似文献
998.
The work presents a psychodynamic, semiotic and dialogical model of affect and of the role it plays in sensemaking. The model is based on the following three general assumptions.A) Affective semiosis works in accordance to the dynamic unconscious which Freud conceptualized in terms of primary process. According to this interpretation, the unconscious is the mind’s homogenising way of functioning, which transforms every categorical relation into a relation of identity. B) Affect is the generalized, homogenising and absolutizing embodied basic intersubjective meanings according to which experience is interpreted. C) Affective semiosis performs both the grounding and regulative functions in sensemaking, orienting the way people interpret experience. 相似文献
999.
Christopher A. Flessner Jeffrey Sapyta Abbe Garcia Jennifer B. Freeman Martin E. Franklin Edna Foa John March 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(1):38-46
Growing research has examined parental accommodation among the families of children with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
However, these studies have utilized a parent-report (PR) version of a measure, the Family Accommodation Scale (FAS) that
has never received proper psychometric validation. In turn, previously derived subscales have been developed via clinical
rather than empirical evidence. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive psychometric analysis of the FAS-PR utilizing data
collected from 96 youths with OCD. Exploratory factors analysis was conducted and revealed a 12-item scale yielding two separate,
yet related subscales, Avoidance of Triggers (AT) and Involvement in Compulsions (IC). Subsequent analyses revealed good internal
consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. These findings suggest that future research should seek to examine factors
that may impact various facets to accommodation as well as the role these facets plays in predicting treatment outcome. Limitations
are discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Although prejudice-reduction policies and interventions abound, is it possible that some of them result in the precise opposite of their intended effect--an increase in prejudice? We examined this question by exploring the impact of motivation-based prejudice-reduction interventions and assessing whether certain popular practices might in fact increase prejudice. In two experiments, participants received detailed information on, or were primed with, the goal of prejudice reduction; the information and primes either encouraged autonomous motivation to regulate prejudice or emphasized the societal requirement to control prejudice. Ironically, motivating people to reduce prejudice by emphasizing external control produced more explicit and implicit prejudice than did not intervening at all. Conversely, participants in whom autonomous motivation to regulate prejudice was induced displayed less explicit and implicit prejudice compared with no-treatment control participants. We outline strategies for effectively reducing prejudice and discuss the detrimental consequences of enforcing antiprejudice standards. 相似文献