The role of stranger harassment experiences in college women's perceived possibility of gender crimes happening to them

The present study examined the relation between stranger harassment experiences and college women's perceived possibility of gender and nongender crimes happening to them. Undergraduate women attending a British university completed self‐report measures of stranger harassment and self‐objectification (i.e., self‐surveillance and body shame), and then evaluated four vignettes of various crimes on the severity of the crime and the likelihood of the crime happening to them. Results indicated that stranger harassment is a common experience for these British university women. Serial mediation analyses revealed a direct effect of stranger harassment on perceived likelihood of rape and perceived likelihood of intimate partner violence, and an indirect effect of stranger harassment on rape through self‐surveillance, whereas stranger harassment and indices of self‐objectification were unrelated to perceived likelihood of human trafficking and burglary. Discussion is centered on the role of objectifying experiences in perceptions of gender crimes where sexual and physical harm to women's bodies is emphasized, and the potential impact for those women on the receiving end of unwanted sexual objectification.     

Differences in Black and White American College Students�� Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men

Differences in attitudes toward lesbians and gay men (ATLGM) held by Black and White Americans have rarely been studied systematically despite anecdotal evidence suggesting that Black Americans may be less accepting of lesbians and gay men than are White Americans. We tested the hypothesis that Black American??s ATLGM would be less positive than White Americans?? using data collected from 60 Black (36 female, 24 male) and 62 White (25 female, 37 male) students from a public university in the Midwestern United Sates. We found that Black students held generally neutral ATLGM whereas White students?? attitudes were slightly positive. This difference was mediated by racial group differences in right-wing authoritarianism.     

On diffusion and interfacial enrichment of boron in the Laves phase: an in situ TEM-heat-treatment study on newly developed 3Co–3W–9Cr steel

Using in situ transmission-electron-microscopy (TEM) heating and subsequent energy-filtered TEM (EF-TEM) and high-resolution-TEM (HR-TEM) analysis on a newly developed 3Co–3W–9Cr steel, enrichment of boron at the Fe₂W and matrix interface has been studied for the first time. The heat treatment has been carried out at a temperature of 770°C. From the EF-TEM analysis, it is confirmed that a stacking-fault-assisted diffusion mechanism is responsible for enrichment of boron at the interface. From the HR-TEM study, it is ascertained that the diffusion behaviour of boron in the Laves phase and the extent of the enrichment at the interface is dependent on the amount of stacking faults in the Laves phase.     

Automatic priming for translation- and scale-invariant representations of object shape

A series of visual search experiments explored whether early visual processes are sensitive to the overall shape of objects. Previous work (Wolfe & Bennett, 1997) has suggested that information concerning overall shape is not coded in early vision. However, in Experiment 1, we demonstrate that these previous findings are explicable in terms of non-target heterogeneity rather than an absence of shape information in early vision. In Experiments 2 and 3, we demonstrate that shape similarity, rather than individual contour similarity, can determine search efficiency. In Experiments 4 and 5, we show that manipulating the contrast polarity of contours and defining shape using texture significantly impeded search for an odd-one-out shape. The implications of these results for shape processing in early vision are discussed.     

Inhibition of return for target discriminations: the effect of repeating discriminated and irrelevant stimulus dimensions

Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to slowed reaction times when a target repeats in the same location as a preceding stimulus. In four experiments, the participants were presented with two successive stimuli, S1 and S2. In Experiments 1 and 2, the participants made a speeded discrimination of the identity or orientation of both S1 and S2 (Experiment 1) or of S2 only (Experiment 2). An IOR effect occurred for the repetition of stimulus location, but a facilitatory effect occurred if the stimulus remained unchanged or if an overt response was repeated. In Experiments 3 and 4, the participants localized S1 and S2 (Experiment 3) or S2 only (Experiment 4) to the left or right of center. In this case, repeating the same stimulus had no effect: IOR occurred any time stimulus location repeated. These results demonstrate that the expression of IOR is modulated by the repetition of a target object, but only when the task requires the discrimination of that object; when no discrimination is required, IOR is unaffected.     

Searching for impossible objects: Processing form and attributes in early vision

In five experiments, we investigated the extent to which form (shape) and metric attributes (three-dimensional, 3-D, orientation), both defined by relations between une elements, are processed in early vision. Search for a target defined by an abstract property of form (i.e., impossibility) was slow and serial. In contrast, search for a 3-D orientation target was considerably easier. Subsequent experiments suggest that this difference reflects the fact that 3-D orientation is derivable from localized sets of lines, whereas impossibility is an idiosyncratic property of the complete set of relations between lines. We conclude that only “gross” aspects of form are available in early vision as the complete set of line relations is not processed preattentively. However, localized processing of line relations is sufficient to derive 3-D orientation.