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Brenda L. Dawson D. Balfour Jeffrey James A. Walsh 《Journal of applied social psychology》1988,18(16):1353-1360
This study investigated the effect of television food commercials on children's self-control within a resistance to temptation paradigm. Commercial type, food stimulus type, and the child's sex provided the three independent variables in a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial design. Behavioral and self-report indices of temptation and control were measured. Children were significantly more tempted to transgress for the low-nutrition food, regardless of the commercial shown. Sex differences in reported degree of temptation were found. However, the television commercials did not affect the children's latency to transgress. 相似文献
3.
Charles E. Burt Lawrence H. Cohen Jeffrey P. Bjorck 《American journal of community psychology》1988,16(1):101-122
A longitudinal design was employed to test the main and stress-moderating effects of young adolescents' perceived family environment (Family Environment Scales; FES; Moos & Moos, 1981) on their depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. This study was part of a larger longitudinal project (L. Cohen, Burt, & Bjorck, 1987) that demonstrated the significant cross-sectional effects of the young adolescents' controllable and uncontrollable negative events, and the significant longitudinal effects of the former. The present cross-sectional analyses demonstrated the hypothesized main effects of the FES scores; families perceived as cohesive, organized, and expressive were related to positive psychological functioning, whereas families perceived as conflict-ridden and controlling were related to negative functioning. However, in general these effects were nonsignificant in the longitudinal analyses. Although there were a number of significant Negative Events x FES interactions, in no instance did the pattern support the hypothesized stress-buffering role of positive family climate. 相似文献
4.
Jeffrey S. Levin Ph.D. M.P.H. C. David Jenkins Ph.D. Robert M. Rose M. D. 《Journal of religion and health》1988,27(4):267-278
In a study of air traffic controllers, religious differences are found in the way Type A behavior is associated with several health status indicators. Associations between the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) and physical illness incidence, health-promotive behavior, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, subjective distress and impulse control problems, and alcohol consumption are examined by religious attendance, religious affiliation, and change in affiliation. Findings confirm that Type A does not vary significantly by religion. However, there are several significant findings between Type A and various health indicators. Type A is associated with illness incidence, overall and more strongly in several religion, subgroups. Type A and alcohol consumption are related positively in Protestants and converts, and negatively in churchgoing Catholics. Type A is related to impulse control problems in churchgoing Protestants and to subjective distress in churchgoing Catholics. Finally, in individuals with weak or no religious ties, Type A is associated with lower blood pressure. This last finding suggests that in some people (for example, the irreligious or unchurched), the coronary-prone behavior pattern may have cardiovascular effects which are salutary in at least one respect.The authors wish to thank Dr. Kyriakos S. Markides and Laura A. Ray for their assistance with this study. Address requests for reprints to Dr. Levin at the Institute of Gerontology, 300 North Ingalls, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. 相似文献
5.
Jeffrey C. King 《Philosophical Studies》1988,53(3):417-440
I have benefited greatly from discussing the issues addressed in this paper with Michael Liston, John Vickers and Mark Wilson. 相似文献
6.
Responses to a questionnaire from 78 members of the Metropolitan New York Association for Applied Psychology provided the following results. A majority of respondents found their first jobs as applied psychologists through informal networking techniques such as personal recommendations or self-starter methods such as sending out resumes. Over 75% of the respondents rated their graduate institutions as good or excellent. However, an increase in the applied focus of these programs was strongly urged, and opinions about graduate faculties were mixed. Obtaining applied work experience or relevant internships was the most often mentioned advice for seekers of similar positions.Appreciation is expressed to Harold Takooshian of Fordham University who first aroused our interests in this topic as an area for research and to Bruce Biskin of AICPA, Dennis Hawver and Tony Zinsser of the Hawver Group, Ted Grant and Michael Secunda of Manufacturers Hanover, and Tom Novak of Young & Rubicam for serving as pre-test subjects for the questionnaire of this study. 相似文献
7.
The belief is widely held that humor is related to recovery from, and perhaps an increased resistance to, coronary and other
stress-related diseases. Such generalizations do not typically distinguish between benign and hostile humor. In the present
research, the relationship between a measure of proneness to coronary heart disease (CHD) and appreciation of hostile and
nonhostile humor is examined. In two studies, one with college students and one with patients suffering from CHD, the relationship
between humor preferences and the coronary-prone (Type A) behavior pattern was examined. Each subject was given the Jenkins
Activity Survey as a measure of the coronary-prone personality type, and aggressive and nonaggressive jokes to rate for funniness.
Hostile humor was preferred to nonhostile humor by all groups, but among those suffering from CHD, those who could be classified
as “Type B’s” preferred nonhostile humor. The results indicate that those less prone to CHD appreciate both hostile and nonhostile
humor, while Type A’s seem to enjoy hostile humor only. 相似文献
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9.
A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
A Roelofs 《Cognition》1992,42(1-3):107-142
This paper presents a spreading-activation theory of conceptually driven lemma retrieval--the first stage of lexical access in speaking, where lexical items specified with respect to meaning and syntactic properties are activated and selected. The mental lexicon is conceived of as a network consisting of concept, lemma, and word-form nodes and labelled links, with each lexical concept represented as an independent node. A lemma is retrieved by enhancing the activation level of the node representing the to-be-verbalized concept. This activation then spreads towards the lemma level, and the highest activated lemma node is selected. The theory resolves questions such as the hypernym problem (Levelt, 1989). Furthermore, a computer model that implements the theory is shown to be able to account for many basic findings on the time course of object naming, object categorization, and word categorization in the picture-word interference paradigm. In addition, non-trivial predictions regarding the time course of semantic facilitation for hypernyms, hyponyms, and cohyponyms are experimentally tested, and shown to be valid. 相似文献
10.
Two studies examined the effects of a reductive treatment versus instruction-based treatments on the generalized reduction of problem behaviors. Each study involved a detailed analysis of multiple problem behaviors performed by school-aged youth with severe intellectual disabilities. The analysis examined the contrasting effects of one of two different positive intervention procedures (teaching a positive alternative behavior or providing additional teacher assistance during instruction) versus blocking and/or verbally reprimanding a problem behavior. The focus of each analysis was on the covariation of multiple problem behaviors within functional response classes. Results of the investigation indicated that when only one member of the response class was blocked, a collateral increase was observed in one or more different problem behaviors from the same response class. Alternatively, when 1 participant was taught a functionally equivalent mand response, all problem behaviors in the response class were reduced. Problem behaviors also were reduced for the remaining participant by presenting antecedent teacher assistance. Implications of the research extend to analysis of covariation within response classes and to procedures that result in generalized reduction of problem behaviors within a response class. 相似文献