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221.
The impact of negative stereotypes can be harmful, and as a result, stigmatized targets are often motivated to deny their accuracy. However, at times, targets of even the most unflattering stereotypes embrace them as valid. Early stigma researchers conceptualized this self‐stereotyping as a form of internalized self‐hatred. However, within the last few decades, stigma researchers have challenged this notion. This more contemporary approach asserts that there are situations where endorsing negative stereotypes can actually be of use to those who are targeted by them. For instance, endorsing negative self‐stereotypes can be used to help justify the status quo, fulfill assimilation and differentiation needs, and protect against personal and social threats. The purpose of the present paper is to review both traditional and contemporary explanations for the causes and consequences of negative self‐stereotyping. In doing so, we highlight strengths and limitations within the self‐stereotyping literature and suggest future directions for research. 相似文献
222.
Jeffrey S. Johnson Vanessa R. Simmering Aaron T. Buss 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2014,76(6):1630-1654
Research over the past decade has suggested that the ability to hold information in visual working memory (VWM) may be limited to as few as three to four items. However, the precise nature and source of these capacity limits remains hotly debated. Most commonly, capacity limits have been inferred from studies of visual change detection, in which performance declines systematically as a function of the number of items that participants must remember. According to one view, such declines indicate that a limited number of fixed-resolution representations are held in independent memory “slots.” Another view suggests that such capacity limits are more apparent than real, but emerge as limited memory resources are distributed across more to-be-remembered items. Here we argue that, although both perspectives have merit and have generated and explained impressive amounts of empirical data, their central focus on the representations—rather than processes—underlying VWM may ultimately limit continuing progress in this area. As an alternative, we describe a neurally grounded, process-based approach to VWM: the dynamic field theory. Simulations demonstrate that this model can account for key aspects of behavioral performance in change detection, in addition to generating novel behavioral predictions that have been confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, we describe extensions of the model to recall tasks, the integration of visual features, cognitive development, individual differences, and functional imaging studies of VWM. We conclude by discussing the importance of grounding psychological concepts in neural dynamics, as a first step toward understanding the link between brain and behavior. 相似文献
223.
Laura A. Novak MS MPS Jessica M. LaCroix PhD Kanchana U. Perera MSc Max Stivers MA Natasha A. Schvey PhD Jeffrey L. Goodie PhD ABPP Cara Olsen PhD Tracy Sbrocco PhD David B. Goldston PhD Alyssa Soumoff MD Jennifer Weaver MD Marjan Ghahramanlou-Holloway PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2023,53(1):75-88
224.
The present study utilizes multiple methods to examine the relationship between disgust and contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in an analogue sample. Questionnaire findings revealed that participants with high OCD contamination concerns showed stronger disgust sensitivity than did participants with low OCD contamination symptoms after controlling for negative affect. High OCD participants (N=30) also reported significantly more disgust than did low OCD participants (N=30) when exposed to a disgust-inducing video, whereas no significant between-group differences were detected on other negative emotional dimensions. Results from a series of disgust-specific behavioral avoidance tasks (BATs) revealed that high OCD participants demonstrated both less compliance and less approach behavior. Subsequent analysis also revealed that disgust sensitivity generally mediated avoidance on the BATs among high OCD subjects. High OCD participants also rated the BATs as more fearful and disgusting than did low OCD participants, with disgust generally emerging as the dominant emotional response. The results are consistent with a disgust-based, disease-avoidance approach in understanding contamination-related OCD themes. 相似文献
225.
Edwin?D.?Ayers Jeffrey?White D.?A.?PowellEmail author 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2003,38(3):230-247
Several recent studies have investigated relationships between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and learning and memory
problems. These reports have found in general that not only does PTSD affect trauma-related memories, but when patients with
PTSD are compared with similar trauma patients without PTSD, general memory impairments have been found. The present paper
reports a study in which associative learning, using Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning, was investigated in combat veterans
with and without chronic PTSD, using interstimulus intervals of 500 and 1000 msec in two separate experiments. Although several
recent reports suggest that larger-magnitude autonomic conditioned responses occur in patients with PTSD during Pavlovian
conditoning, the present study found evidence of impaired Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in combat veterans with and without
PTSD, compared to non-combat veterans. Although these data suggest that combat leads to an impaired associative learning process
regardless of whether PTSD is apparent, a group of community-dwelling combat veterans not under medical treatment showed normal
conditioning, suggesting that variables other than prior combat must also be involved. 相似文献
226.
Matthew C. Bell William M. Baum 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2021,115(3):702-716
The hypothesis that response strength might be measured by persistence of responding in the face of extinction was discredited in the 1960s because experiments showed that responding persists longer following intermittent reinforcers than following continuous reinforcers. Instead, researchers proposed that the longer persistence following intermittent reinforcers arises because intermittent reinforcement more closely resembles extinction—a discrimination theory. Attention to resistance to extinction revived because one observation seemed to support the persistence hypothesis: Following training on a multiple schedule with unequal components, responding usually persisted longer in the formerly richer component than in the formerly lean component. This observation represents an anomaly, however, because results with single schedules and concurrent schedules contradict it. We suggest that the difference in results arises because the multiple-schedule procedure, while including extensive training on stimulus discrimination, includes no training on discrimination between food available and food unavailable, whereas comparable single- and concurrent-schedule procedures include such training with repeated extinction. In Experiment 1, we replicated the original result, and in Experiment 2 showed that when the multiple-schedule procedure includes training on food/no-food discrimination, extinction following multiple schedules contradicts behavioral momentum theory and agrees with the discrimination theory and research with single and concurrent schedules. 相似文献
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230.
Martin J. Meinhardt Raoul Bell Axel Buchner Jan P. Röer 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2018,25(4):1399-1404
Animate entities are often better remembered than inanimate ones. The proximal mechanisms underlying this animacy effect on recall are unclear. In two experiments, we tested whether the animacy effect is due to emotional arousal. Experiment 1 revealed that translations of the animate words used in the pioneering study of Nairne et al. (Psychological science, 24, 2099–2105, 2013) were perceived as being more arousing than translations of the inanimate words, suggesting that animacy might have been confounded with arousal in previous studies. In Experiment 2, new word lists were created in which the animate and inanimate words were matched on arousal (amongst several other dimensions), and participants were required to reproduce the animate and inanimate words in a free recall task. There was a tendency towards better memory for arousing items, but robust animacy effects were obtained even though animate and inanimate words were matched on arousal. Thus, while arousal may contribute to the animacy effect when it is not carefully controlled for, it cannot explain the memory advantage of animate items. 相似文献