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171.
Goldenberg JL Landau MJ Pyszczynski T Cox CR Greenberg J Solomon S Dunnam H 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2003,29(12):1585-1595
The authors propose that gender-differentiated patterns of jealousy in response to sexual and emotional infidelity are engendered by the differential impact of each event on self-esteem for men and women. Study 1 demonstrated that men derive relatively more self-esteem from their sex lives, whereas women's self-esteem is more contingent on romantic commitment. Based on terror management theory, it is predicted that if gender-differentiated responses to infidelity are motivated by gender-specific contingencies for self-esteem, they should be intensified following reminders of mortality. In Study 2, mortality salience (MS) increased distress in response to sexual infidelity for men and emotional infidelity for women. Study 3 demonstrated that following MS, men who place high value on sex in romantic relationships exhibited greater distress in response to sexual infidelity, but low-ex-value men's distress was attenuated. The authors discuss the implications for evolutionary and self-esteem-based accounts of jealousy as well as possible integration of these perspectives. 相似文献
172.
Many theorists have postulated that axes of elongation and/or symmetry play an important role in the recognition of objects. In this paper, evidence is presented that mitigates this claim from independent assessments of the effects of axes of elongation or symmetry on the time to name rotated line drawings of common objects. This conclusion was further supported in a stronger test in which both of these variables were orthogonally controlled, the aspect ratio of elongation was manipulated,and only objects that were completely geometrically symmetrical or asymmetrical were used. In all the experiments, objects were named for several blocks to determine the influence of these variables on effects of orientation with practice. Symmetry was found to diminish the effects of orientation after practice in naming the object set, and the effects of the most extreme orientation tested (120 degrees from upright) were diminished when both axes defined the same orientation, relative to when they defined different orientations. Contrary to many theories, these findings relegate the axes of symmetry and elongation to relatively minor roles during object identification. 相似文献
173.
Jeff Coulter 《Human Studies》1999,22(2-4):163-181
In recent years, various attempts have been made to advance a project sometimes characterized as "discursive psychology". Grounded in what its proponents term "social constructionism", the discursive approach to the elucidation of 'mental' phenomena is here contrasted to an ethnomethodological position informed by the later work of Wittgenstein. In particular, it is argued that discursive psychology still contains Cartesian residua, notwithstanding its professed objective of expurgating Cartesian thought from the behavioral sciences. One principal issue has been the confusion of "conceptual analysis" with the empirical study of speech practices. If these distinct enterprises are conflated, the critical achievements of conceptual analysis are obscured or even misconstrued. A different picture of how best to analyze human conduct and mentality emerges if the lessons of Wittgensteinian grammatical analysis are preserved and extended, one more compatible with several themes in ethnomethodology. 相似文献
174.
Rollin McCraty Mike Atkinson Dana Tomasino Jeff Goelitz Harvey N. Mayrovitz 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1999,34(4):246-268
Unmanaged emotional reactions to stress not only lead to behavior problems in young people but also create physiological conditions
that inhibit learning and potentially increase the risk of disease later in life. For these reasons, the integration of emotional
self-management skills training programs has become an increased priority in some schools. In this study, middle school students
enrolled in a course in emotional competence skills learned techniques designed to intercept stressful responses during emotionally
challenging situations. Behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Achievement Inventory Measure and autonomic function was
measured by heart rate variability (HRV) analysis during and after a stressful interview. Following the program, students
exhibited significant improvements in areas including stress and anger management, risky behavior, work management and focus,
and relationships with family, peers and teachers. These improvements were sustained over the following six months. Students
using the skills taught in the course to recover from acute emotional stress were also able to positively modulate their physiological
stress responses. As compared to a control group, trained students demonstrated significantly increased HRV and more rhythmic,
sine wave-like heart rhythm patterns during recovery. This response pattern reflects increased parasympathetic activity, heart
rhythm coherence, and entrainment of other biological oscillatory systems to the primary heart rhythm frequency. Increased
physiological coherence is associated with improved cognitive performance, emotional balance, mental clarity and health outcomes.
These physiological shifts could promote the sustained psychological and behavioral improvements associated with the use of
emotional management skills. It is suggested that learning emotional competence skills in childhood establishes healthier
physiological response patterns which can benefit learning and long-term health. Results provide support for the integration
in school curricula of courses designed to teach effective self-management skills to children. 相似文献
175.
This paper concerns the question of how to draw inferences common sensically from uncertain knowledge. Since the early work
of Shore and Johnson (1980), Paris and Vencovská (1990), and Csiszár (1989), it has been known that the Maximum Entropy Inference
Process is the only inference process which obeys certain common sense principles of uncertain reasoning. In this paper we
consider the present status of this result and argue that within the rather narrow context in which we work this complete
and consistent mode of uncertain reasoning is actually characterised by the observance of just a single common sense principle
(or slogan).
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
176.
An existential psychodynamic theory is presented based on Ernest Becker's claim that self-esteem and cultural worldviews function to ameliorate the anxiety associated with the uniquely human awareness of vulnerability and mortality. Psychological equanimity is hypothesized to require (1) a shared set of beliefs about reality that imbues the universe with stability, meaning, and permanence; (2) standards by which individuals can judge themselves to be of value; and (3) promises of safety and the transcendence of death to those who meet the standards of value. An empirical research program in support of this theory is then described, and the personal and interpersonal implications of these ideas are briefly considered. 相似文献
177.
Selective Abolition of the NMDA Component of Long-Term Potentiation in Mice Lacking mGluR5 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6 下载免费PDF全文
Zhengping Jia YouMing Lu Jeff Henderson Franco Taverna Carmelo Romano Wanda Abramow-Newerly J. Martin Wojtowicz John Roder 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》1998,5(4):331-343
The mechanisms underlying the differential expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) by AMPA and NMDA receptors, are unknown, but could involve G-protein-linked metabotropic glutamate receptors. To investigate this hypothesis we created mutant mice that expressed no metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), but showed normal development. In an earlier study of these mice we analyzed field-excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSPs) in CA1 region of the hippocampus and found a small decrease; possibly arising from changes in the NMDAR-mediated component of synaptic transmission. In the present study we used whole-cell patch clamp recordings of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in CA1 pyramidal neurons to identify the AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated components of LTP. Recordings from control mice following tetanus, or agonist application (IS, 3R-1-amino-cyclopentane 1,3-dicarboxylic acid) (ACPD), revealed equal enhancement of the AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated components. In contrast, CA1 neurons from mGluR5-deficient mice showed a complete loss of the NMDA-receptor-mediated component of LTP (LTPNMDA), but normal LTP of the AMPA-receptor-mediated component (LTPAMPA). This selective loss of LTPNMDA was seen in three different genotypic backgrounds and was apparent at all holding potentials (−70 mV to +20 mV). Furthermore, the LTPNMDA deficit in mGluR5 mutant mice could be rescued by stimulating protein kinase C (PKC) with 4β-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu). These results suggest that PKC may couple the postsynaptic mGluR5 to the NMDA-receptor potentiation during LTP, and that this signaling mechanism is distinct from LTPAMPA. Differential enhancement of AMPAR and NMDA receptors by mGluR5 also supports a postsynaptic locus for LTP. 相似文献
178.
Monica Fabiani Gabriele Gratton Paul M. Corballis Jeff Cheng David Friedman 《Behavior research methods》1998,30(1):78-86
Surface maps of brain activity can be obtained with electrophysiological and optical recordings. However, there are no established methods for determining the reliability of maps of brain activity across subject groups or across tasks within the same subject. In this paper, we use bootstrapping to establish the reliability of the locations of maxima in maps of surface brain activity of individual subjects obtained with ERP and optical (EROS) recordings and report sample analyses for two data sets. Bootstrapping is a nonparametric method for estimating statistical accuracy from the data in a single sample. The distribution of the statistic of interest is estimated by constructing “bootstrap samples” from a pool of all available cases (with replacement). Many “bootstrap replications” are obtained by calculating the statistic of interest for each sample. In the case of brain activity, many (e.g., 10,000) amplitude distributions can be derived from the data of an individual subject. Frequency counts are then computed for each recording location to establish how many times that location corresponds to a maximum. The value obtained in this fashion represents an estimate of the reliability of the observation. 相似文献
179.
Jeff Malpas 《Erkenntnis》1994,40(2):165-184
Donald Davidson has argued that most of our beliefs must be true and that global scepticism is therefore false. Davidson's arguments to this conclusion often seem to depend on externalist considerations. Davidson's position has been criticised, however, on the grounds that he does not defeat the sceptic, but rather already assumes the falsity of scepticism through his appeal to externalism. Indeed, it has been claimed that far from defeating the sceptic Davidson introduces an even more extreme version of scepticism according to which we cannot even know the contents of our own minds. This paper argues that these criticisms are mistaken and that Davidson does indeed have grounds to argue that scepticism is false. The externalism that figures in Davidson's antisceptical arguments is shown to be merely an element in Davidson's overall holism according to which the very possibility of having beliefs that could be true or false depends on most of those beliefs being true and their contents known. 相似文献
180.
Behavioral treatment of challenging behaviors, such as aggression, self-injury, property destruction, and stereotyped movement is often a priority in residential facilities for persons with developmental disabilities. If these behaviors occur when the client is otherwise unengaged, a potentially effective treatment may be to provide alternative activities. In the present study, 3 adults with severe disabilities were observed. During baseline, these 3 individuals frequently displayed challenging behavior at times when they were otherwise unengaged. Opportunities to participate in leisure activities were then provided to each client in a multiple-baseline design. Provision of leisure opportunities was associated with increased adaptive behavior and collateral reductions in problem behaviors. The effectiveness of the intervention procedures suggest that these challenging behaviors may have been related to the lack of alternative activities. 相似文献