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141.
Levy BR Ryall AL Pilver CE Sheridan PL Wei JY Hausdorff JM 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2008,21(1):85-93
Although it has been shown that White elders are vulnerable to the influence of age stereotypes, it was not known whether this effect applied to African American elders. In the present study, African American elders were randomly assigned to negative or positive implicit-age-stereotype groups. Compared to participants in the positive age-stereotype group, those in the negative age-stereotype group demonstrated significantly more elevated cardiovascular response to stress, as measured by blood pressure and heart rate following mental challenges. These results suggest that negative age stereotypes generate a susceptibility to stress among African American elders, whereas positive age may provide them with a defense against this stress. 相似文献
142.
M. Jeanne Sholl 《Current directions in psychological science》2008,17(4):275-280
ABSTRACT— Since the discovery of head-direction cells in nonhuman mammals, we have learned a great deal about how an internal compass-like system functions in the mammalian brain. In contrast, we know very little about how this system operates in humans—or, for that matter, whether humans even have an internal compass for computing body heading. This article reviews a recent line of inquiry that uses animal models of head-direction-system functioning to motivate behavioral research on human sense of direction. 相似文献
143.
Larry E. Davis Jeanne Saunders Sharon Johnson Julie Miller‐Cribbs Trina Williams Sandra Wexler 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(11):2306-2326
Significant attention has been given to the educational shortcomings of African American students. This study examined predictors of educational success among African American high school sophomores. It explored factors that predict differences in students’ academic intention to complete the school year, and how these factors differ by gender. The study was guided conceptually by the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We also assessed perceptions of self. Results indicated that most students had positive predispositions toward school‐year completion, with females being more positively oriented toward academic success than males. The TPB's attitude component was the only predictor tested to operate differentially across gender. Having a positive attitude toward school was a significantly greater predictor of intention to complete the school year for males than for females. 相似文献
144.
145.
Obesity has become a leading cause of health problems in America, many of which can be combated by increasing physical activity. As a result, interventions targeting increased physical activity are greatly needed. In this study, a package intervention consisting of goal setting, self‐monitoring, and feedback was evaluated across five participants in a multiple baseline design with a brief reversal for three of the five participants. The intervention package increased calorie expenditure for all five participants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
146.
Theoretically informed models are required to further the comprehensive understanding of children’s ETV. We draw on the stress
process paradigm to forward an overall conceptual model of ETV (ETV) in childhood and adolescence. Around this conceptual
model, we synthesize research in four dominant areas of the literature which are detailed but often disconnected including:
(1) exposure to three forms of physical violence (e.g., child physical maltreatment, interparental violence, and community
ETV); (2) the multilevel correlates and causes of ETV (e.g., neighborhood characteristics including concentrated disadvantage;
family characteristics including socio-economic status and family stressors); (3) a range of consequences of ETV (e.g., internalizing
and externalizing mental health problems, role transitions, and academic outcomes); and (4) multilevel and cross domain mediators
and moderators of ETV influences (e.g., school and community factors, family social support, and individual coping resources).
We highlight the range of interconnected processes through which violence exposures may influence children and suggest opportunities
for prevention and intervention. We further identify needed future research on children’s ETV including coping resources as
well as research on cumulative contributions of violence exposure, violence exposure modifications, curvilinearity, and timing
of exposure.
相似文献
Holly FosterEmail: |
147.
Jeanne L. Shinskey Cindy Ho-man Chan Rhea Coleman Lauren Moxom Eri Yamamoto 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2009,103(4):409-420
Adult and developing humans share with other animals analog magnitude representations of number that support nonsymbolic arithmetic with large sets. This experiment tested the hypothesis that such representations may be more accurate for addition than for subtraction in children as young as 3½ years of age. In these tasks, the experimenter hid two equal sets of cookies, visibly added to or subtracted from the sets, and then asked 3½-year-olds which set had more cookies. Initial set size was either large (7 or 9) or very large (18 or 30), and the final sets differed by either a high proportion (ratio of 1:2) or a low proportion (difference of 1 cookie). Children’s addition performance exceeded chance, as well as their subtraction performance, across set sizes and proportions, whereas subtraction performance did not exceed chance. Arithmetic performance was also independent of counting ability. Addition performance was remarkably accurate when ratios between outcomes were close to 1, in contrast to previous findings. Interpretations for the asymmetry between addition and subtraction are discussed with respect to the nature of representations for nonsymbolic arithmetic with large sets. 相似文献
148.
Guy O. Seymour Jeanne M. Stahl Stephen L. Levine Joyce L. Ingram R. Fred Smith 《Behavior research methods》1994,26(2):266-268
Several approaches to using simulation as a method for teaching good judgment in the use of firearms by law enforcement officers and military personnel were investigated for their potential applications to research: the GAMMA Live Fire Video Training System, the FireArms Training Systems Simulator (FATS), and the Judgment Under Stress Training (JUST) simulator. Each instrument uses real-time, computer-controlled, life-sized projected video images of scenarios that may or may not present a threat, and handguns that fire real or simulated ammunition. The subjects respond to a sequence of “shoot/no-shoot” judgment scenarios resulting in data on judgment, reaction time, and accuracy. The JUST simulator was found to be more easily modifiable in capturing data on performance at microanalytic levels. Although true interactive simulations are not feasible with this system, this was not seen as a hindrance to its usefulness for research. 相似文献
149.
It is argued that probability should be defined implicitly by the distributions of possible measurement values characteristic
of a theory. These distributions are tested by, but not defined in terms of, relative frequencies of occurrences of events
of a specified kind. The adoption of an a priori probability in an empirical investigation constitutes part of the formulation
of a theory. In particular, an assumption of equiprobability in a given situation is merely one hypothesis inter alia, which
can be tested, like any other assumption. Probability in relation to some theories – for example quantum mechanics – need
not satisfy the Kolmogorov axioms. To illustrate how two theories about the same system can generate quite different probability
concepts, and not just different probabilistic predictions, a team game for three players is described. If only classical
methods are allowed, a 75% success rate at best can be achieved. Nevertheless, a quantum strategy exists that gives a 100%
probability of winning.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
150.
Joanne C. Gersten Thomas S. Langner Jeanne G. Eisenberg Ora Simcha-Fagan Elizabeth D. McCarthy 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1976,4(2):111-127
Changes with aging and stability of dimensions of behavioral disturbance were determined for 732 children and adolescents who constituted the sample reassessed after 5 years of an original cross-sectional sample of Manhattan youth 6 to 18 years old. On three of the six types of disturbance strongly related to the total impairment judgments of psychiatrists, specifically those tapping domains of aggression, greater or constant levels of pathology were noted over time. Cross-sectional versus longitudinal analyses on the same types of disturbance had discrepant results half the time. Stability coefficients for five of the six types of disturbance were greater than .55. Stability curves by age cohorts investigated whether a type of disturbance appeared transitory at certain age periods but more crystallized at other ages. Its prognostic significance would vary accordingly. Implications for intervention-treatment and for studies comparing the predictive value of different classes of behavior, e.g., neurotic versus antisocial, are discussed.This investigation was supported by U. S. Public Health Service Project Grants MH-11545 and MH-18260 of the National Institute of Mental Health, Center for Epidemiological Studies. Support for the principal investigator was given by Career Scientist Grants I-338 and I-640 of the Health Research Council of the City of New York. The principal investigator is currently supported through Research Scientist Award K5-MH-20868 of the National Institute of Mental Health.This research was presented in part at the Eastern Psychological Association Meetings, April 3–5, 1975, New York City. 相似文献