哈贝马斯宗教哲学思想研究述评

哈贝马斯(Jürgen Habermas,1929~2004)是当代西方著名的哲学家、社会理论家,他的研究领域十分广泛,涉及哲学、社会学、政治学、伦理学、宗教神学等,他的思想在世界范围内产生了广泛的影响。一哈贝马斯虽然涉猎广泛,但他主要提出的是一种哲学思想。虽然在他的哲学思想中包含着丰富的宗教神学思想,但却一直没有得到哲学界和宗教学界应有的重视和研究。之所以出现这种情况,有以下几个方面的原因。首先,从哈贝马斯整个哲学的主流旨趣上看,哈贝马斯不仅不把宗教神学作为哲学研究的对象,他本人也没有写过一部真正的宗教神学方面的著作。即使哈贝…     

认知能量模型--一种更为综合的ADHD认知理论

认知能量模型是J.A.Sergeant等人提出的一种解释ADHD缺陷机制的综合性实证理论。该模型基于信息加工理论,结合了状态因素理论和几种相对成熟的模型,尝试对ADHD提供一种较为理想的解释。本文在此对该模型的基本观点、模型结构及其有关的实证研究进行介绍,并探讨认知能量模型对于未来ADHD研究的启示。     

拥挤、抢食对自发性高血压大鼠发病的影响及作用机制的探讨

社会、心理压力与疾病的发生、发展及转归有着密切的联系。而社会、心理压力为什么会导致一些心身疾病的发生?为什么可使一些疾病加重?尚无满意答案。本文选用自发性高血压大鼠(SHR),在实验室应激的条件下,对比观察了动物的血压,并对其作用机制进行了初步探讨。发现:心理紧张状态可以导致有高血压遗传素质的SHR提前发病,而且可使病情不断加重;应激后SHR血浆神经递质(NE.E)和神经肽类物质(VIP)均明显增高。表明原发性高血压病的发生、发展与社会心理因素关系密切。     

The declining job satisfaction of white-collar women in sex-segregated and mixed-sex occupations

The declining job satisfaction of women white-collar workers reported by J. Veroff, E. Douvan, and R. A. Kulka (1981, The Inner American: A self-portrait from 1957 to 1976, New York, Basic Books) is explored through secondary analyses of their data from two national cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1957 and 1976. Analyses were done using data from 258 women in 1957 and 372 women in 1976 in white-collar jobs. Multivariate contingency table analyses were used first to explore the separate effects of type of white-collar employment, whether or not the job was sex segregated, age, birth cohort, and education on job satisfaction declines. The decline in job satisfaction was found to be greater for women in sex-segregated occupations that in mixed-sex ones. In addition, while all white-collar women express increased dissatisfaction with ego-involving aspects of work, those in sex-segregated fields showed the greatest increases in job dissatisfactions in affiliative and achievement spheres. Neither type of white-collar employment nor birth cohort related to differential job satisfaction declines though age and education changes did. The final multivariate analysis demonstrated that the changing age and educational characteristics of job holders in sex-segregated fields accounted for the greater job satisfaction declines for these women, and that sex segregation did not appear to affect job satisfaction beyond changes related to these demographic factors.     

Self-punitive behavior with changing percentages of reinforcement: The proper role of discrimination

Past research on self-punitive behavior has been interpreted as supporting a theoretical éxplanation based on a vicious circle rather than a discrimination hypothesis. Using rats, Melvin (1964) found that self-punitive behavior is not reduced when discrimination is aided by changing the percentage of shock trials from acquisition to extinction. This past research is inconclusive because it is based on a misinterpretation of what is the critical discrimination for extinction, namely the new response-punishment contingency. Using humans, the present study provides evidence that subjects can and do discriminate the change in percentage, but continue to show self-punitive behavior until they make the discrimination that responding results in shock rather than escape.     

The Effects of Modeling and Instructions on High and Low Verbal Family Members

This study attempts to generalize the findings of laboratory studies of modeling and instructions by comparing their effects for modifying verbal behavior of actual clients referred to a family service agency. The findings suggest that in a population with less homogeneous verbal skills than found in a typical college population, verbal fluency will influence response to these interventions. Specifically, when a rule is supplemented by either verbal examples (instructions) or behavioral examples (modeling), both interventions have utility. However, for highly verbal clients, verbal examples are appropriate. For less verbal clients, more elaborate audiotape or videotape examples represent the more useful strategy.     

Norms as a tool for the study of homography

Four continuous word associations to each of 107 homographs were obtained from 50 male and 50 female undergraduates. Included in the word sample were 12 nonhomophonic homographs (heterophones). The data were analyzed to derive two indexes. A dominance score was defined on the basis of the frequency that a particular meaning was associated to each homograph. A stability score was a measure of the likelihood that the continuous associations were consistent with the first associate. Norms were provided for these measures. Comparison of heterophones to homophones indicates that the former are significantly more stable.     

Visual attention at three months as a predictor of cognitive functioning at two years of age

The purpose of the present study was to examine the predictive power of various cognitive skills at 3 months of age in terms of later cognitive functioning. Habituating to redundant and recovering to novel stimuli at 3 months of age were found to predict later intellectual functioning at 24 months better than 3-month global intelligence or object permanence scores. In terms of information processing skills, recovery predicted later intelligence test scores better than habituation. It is suggested that changes in cognitive functioning may be viewed as a transformation of skills from one age to another rather than as a continuum of the same skills. With regard to the cognitive abilities of the 3-month-old, it is suggested that information processing may be central to cognitive functioning at this age.     

Psychological androgyny and college students' judgments of mental health

College students' perceptions of the mental health of men and women were examined in comparison to an adult health standard. Two hundred forty male and female undergraduates were asked to describe a socially competent healthy adult man, healthy adult woman, or a healthy adult (sex unspecified) using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, which provides a measurement of androgyny as well as masculinity and femininity. In accordance with the Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel (1970) study of clinicians' perceptions, the healthy man was described as similar to the adult standard, while the healthy woman was not. Unlike the Broverman et al. (1970) study, the male but not the female subjects perceived the healthy woman as different, suggesting that college women may be less likely to endorse sex-linked conceptions of mental health than their male counterparts.     

An illusion of ingestion

Three experiments were conducted to find out why subjects ingest substantially more liquid than required when asked to match a visually displayed volume. All three experiments replicated the basic illusion phenomenon, and Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that it was attributable to the subjects’ underestimating the volume of liquid in their mouths. Experiment 3 revealed that the illusion was not present with solid substances, but it was evident with liquids when a quite different measurement procedure was employed.