科学发明问题解决的脑机制再探

选取高生态学效度的科学发明问题作为实验材料, 采用“学习−测试”的两阶段实验范式, 利用静息态功能磁共振成像技术, 基于局部一致性(ReHo)和低频振幅(ALFF)的分析方法, 研究科学发明问题解决的神经机制。在控制被试性别、年龄和常规性问题解决能力后, 结果发现左侧前扣带回(Anterior Cingulate Cortex, ACC)的ReHo值和个体科学发明问题解决的正确率显著正相关, ALFF的结果同样印证了这一发现。结果强调了ACC在科学发明问题解决过程中的重要作用。     

学习判断及其准确性

学习判断是元认知判断的一种重要形式,是对未来记忆成绩的预测。产生机制及其准确性是学习判断研究的核心问题。研究者从不同的角度提出了多种理论,试图说明学习判断的机制与准确性。Koriat的线索模型总结了以往的研究发现,加深了人们对学习判断的理解,但该模型也面临着新的挑战。文章指出了已有研究中存在的问题及未来研究的方向。     

因果力比较范式下对效力PC理论的检验

在用图形方式集中呈现信息的条件下,用因果力大小比较的实验范式检验效力PC理论。233名大学生被试对不同化学药物影响动物基因变异的能力做大小比较判断。结果发现,对单一因果关系因果力大小的比较判断具有以下3个特点：（1）不对称性：在预防原因条件下的因果力判断一般符合效力PC理论,而在产生原因条件下的因果力判断一般不符合效力PC理论;（2）在同时变化协变值DP和结果基率P(E|~C)的产生原因条件下,多数被试使用DP规则。这与概率对比模型的预测相一致,而不支持效力PC理论;（3）在固定协变值DP而只变化结果基率P(E|~C)的产生原因条件下,多数被试使用变异比RP规则。这是目前所有的因果推理理论都不能解释的现象。     

面部表情识别与面孔身份识别的独立加工与交互作用机制

面孔识别功能模型认为,面部表情识别与面孔身份识别是两条独立的并行路径。以往诸多研究者都认可并遵循二者分离的原则。但近期研究表明,面部表情识别与面孔身份识别存在交互作用。首先总结和分析已有的面部表情识别的研究成果,评述神经心理学与认知神经科学研究中的论争,然后介绍人脸知觉的分布式神经机制以及相关的实验证据,最后提出面部表情识别与面孔身份识别的多级整合模型,并展望研究前景。     

Self-esteem and depression in abusive,neglecting, and nonmaltreating mothers

Groups of 18 physically abusive mothers, 19 neglecting mothers, and their matched controls were compared on depression and self-esteem. The controls were matched on maternal age, ethnic background, and years of education. The physically abusive mothers had significantly higher levels of depression and lower self-esteem than did the matched controls. The neglecting mothers had higher levels of depression, but not lower self-esteem than did the matched controls. The abusive and neglecting mothers had very similar levels of depression and dissimilar levels of self-esteem. Ameliorating these psychological factors when working with maltreating mothers and their children should be one emphasis of treatment intervention programs.     

父母温暖与青少年情绪表达能力的关系:害羞和自尊的中介作用

采用父母教养方式问卷、情感交流能力测验(ACT)、Rosenberg自尊量表和害羞量表测量449名高中生。探讨害羞和自尊在父母温暖与青少年情绪表达能力之间的中介作用。结果表明:父母温暖与自尊和情绪表达能力均呈显著正相关、与害羞呈显著负相关;自尊与情绪表达能力呈显著正相关,而害羞与情绪表达能力呈显著负相关;自尊和害羞在父母温暖与情绪表达能力之间起部分中介作用。因此,父母温暖不仅可以直接影响青少年的情绪表达能力,也可以通过提高自尊或减少害羞进而有助于青少年情绪表达能力的发展。     

Better understanding the perceptions of organizational politics: its impact under different types of work unit structure

Research has uncovered inconsistent results regarding the influence of the perceptions of organizational politics (POP) on employee job performance, suggesting the existence of boundary conditions for such an influence. Drawing from uncertainty management theory, we investigated the interaction effect of POP and work unit structure on job performance, and examined the mediating role of taking charge. We tested the theoretical model with data gathered across three phases over 6 months from 577 individuals and their supervisors in 133 work units. Results showed that when the unit operated an organic structure, POP was significantly negatively related to job performance. In contrast, results demonstrated that when the unit operated a mechanistic structure, POP was significantly positively related to job performance. Furthermore, the results of the mediated moderation analysis revealed that POP was negatively associated with job performance through taking charge in an organic structure, and the indirect effect disappeared in a mechanistic structure.     

Traumatic Exposure and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Cognitive Flexibility

This study examined the moderating role of cognitive flexibility between earthquake exposure and psychological well-being. The participants were 491 adolescents from three middle schools in Sichuan. Multivariable, hierarchical linear regressions were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that there were significant differences in psychological well-being for the dimension of relocation of school (T = ?3.09, p < 0.01), damage to property (F = 2.73, p < 0.05) and damage to school (F = 5.76, p < 0.01). Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that cognitive flexibility moderated the relation between being hurt during the earthquake and psychological well-being (B = 1.01, SE = 0.31, T = 3.22, p < 0.01).     

主动性人格:机制与未来走向

主动性人格(proactive personality)作为一种独特的人格特质,指采取积极行动去影响所处环境的一种个体倾向。主动性高的个体善于发现机会,抓住机会,并且不断地坚持目标。研究者梳理了主动性人格的起源和概念、测量方法,阐述了主动性人格的实施效果、中介机制和调节机制,强化了中国本土文化的权变作用。未来研究应继续完善主动性人格的概念、开发符合时代特征的测量工具、拓展其研究层次与实施效果。