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31.
When walking effort is increased due to manipulations such as wearing heavy backpacks, people perceive hills to be steeper and distances to be farther (Bhalla & Proffitt, 1999; Proffitt, Stefanucci, Banton, & Epstein, 2003). On the basis of these findings, we expected people to overestimate distances on steep hills relative to the same distances on flat ground, because of the increased effort required to ascend or descend them. This hypothesis is in contrast to the belief that distances are specified solely by optical and oculomotor information related to the geometry of the environment. To test the hypothesis, we investigated distance estimation on hills and flat terrains in natural and virtual environments. We found that participants judged steep uphill and downhill distances to be farther than the same distances on flat terrain. These results are inconsistent with the idea that spatial layout is perceived solely in terms of geometry, lending partial support to an effort hypothesis. 相似文献
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Jeanine M. Casler 《Journal of Aging and Identity》1999,4(2):111-126
The state of widowhood has traditionally been understood in terms of what is missing from a woman's life--a husband--rather than what she is, and this traditional practice of negative definition is reflected in the novels of eighteenth-century England. This essay will examine some of the stereotypes of the widow that were prevalent during the eighteenth century, and present Clara Reeve's novel The School for Widows (1791) as a strong and valid response to the pervasive negative perception of widowhood and of older women in general. 相似文献
34.
Stuart Miller Jeanine Rossbach Robert MUNSON 《Journal of applied social psychology》1981,11(4):356-365
The questionnaire responses of both high social density and low social density dormitory residents, divided into high and low groups on affiliative tendency, were examined. Although both high and low affiliates experienced more satisfaction living in low social density dorms, which were associated with higher levels of social interaction than high social density dorms, levels of reported stress varied as a function of both social density and affiliation. High affiliates experienced more, while low affiliates experienced less, stress in the low social density dorm than in the high social density dorm. Results were discussed in terms of the possession of differential coping skills with respect to achieving independence (in the low social density dorm) and dealing with overload from strangers (in the high social density dorm). 相似文献
35.
Angela D. Friederici Jeanine M. I. Wessels 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1993,54(3):287-295
The development of a lexicon critically depends on the infant’s ability to identify wordlike units in the auditory speech input. The present study investigated at what age infants become sensitive to language-specific phonotactic features that signal word boundaries and to what extent they are able to use this knowledgeto segment speech input. Experiment 1 showed that infants at the age of 9 months were sensitive to the phonotactic structure of word boundaries when wordlike units were presented in isolation. Experiments 2 to 5 demonstrated that this sensitivity was present even when critical items were presented in context, although only under certain conditions. Preferences for legal over illegal word boundary clusters were found when critical items were embedded in two identical syllables, keeping language processing requirements and attentional requirements low. Experiment 6 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Experiment 7 was a low-pass-filtered version of Experiment 6 that left the prosody of the stimulus items intact while removing most of the distinctive phonotactic cues. As expected, no listening preference for legal over illegal word boundary clusters was found in this experiment. This clearly suggests that the preferential patterns observed can be attributed to the infants’ sensitivity to phonotactic constraints on word boundaries in a given language and not to suprasegmental cues. 相似文献
36.
Jeanine L. Skorinko Sean Laurent Kaitlin Bountress Kyi Phyu Nyein Daniel Kuckuck 《Journal of applied social psychology》2014,44(4):303-318
Four experiments examined the hypothesis that perspective taking with a defendant would lead to greater empathy, which would mediate lowered perceptions of culpability, with lowered culpability mediating a lower probability of guilt and recidivism. Experiments 1 and 2 established that perspective taking leads to a lower probability of guilty verdicts and recidivism, mediated by a decreased perception of the defendant's culpability. Experiment 2 showed that it does so by increasing empathy. Experiment 3 showed that perspective taking also heightens the perception of culpability through increased empathy for the victim. Experiment 4 showed that decreased culpability is in part driven by leniency, which is also a function of empathy. We tie our findings into other research investigating links between empathy and perspective taking. 相似文献
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Emily C. Merz Susan H. Landry Tricia A. Zucker Marcia A. Barnes Michael Assel Heather B. Taylor Christopher J. Lonigan Beth M. Phillips Jeanine Clancy‐Menchetti Nancy Eisenberg Tracy L. Spinrad Carlos Valiente Jill de Villiers the School Readiness Research Consortium 《Infant and child development》2016,25(5):371-390
39.
Vivona JM 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2012,60(2):231-65; discussion 305-10
That the infant lives in a nonverbal sensorimotor world is widely believed. Yet this notion is being challenged by research, in a range of fields, that depicts the young infant as actively attuned to aural speech from birth and able to process and use its sounds and meanings well before the end of the first year. Following a selective review of the research on infant speech processing between birth and age twelve months, three questions are identified that highlight the theoretical and clinical implications of this research for psychoanalytic conceptualizations of infancy, the nature of language, and clinical process. The research, it is concluded, identifies the operation of linguistic and conceptual processes in early life, processes that may intersect with the experiential and emotional processes with which psychoanalysis is already concerned. Moreover, this research raises questions about the view that the nature of infancy is essentially nonverbal. 相似文献
40.
Geuss MN Stefanucci JK Creem-Regehr SH Thompson WB 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2012,38(5):1242-1253
Three experiments examined perceived absolute distance in a head-mounted display virtual environment (HMD-VE) and a matched real-world environment, as a function of the type and orientation of the distance viewed. In Experiment 1, participants turned and walked, without vision, a distance to match the viewed interval for both egocentric (viewer-to-target) and exocentric (target-to-target) extents. Egocentric distances were underestimated in the HMD-VE while exocentric distances were estimated similarly across environments. Since egocentric distances were displayed in the depth plane and exocentric distances in the frontal plane, the pattern of results could have been related to the orientation of the distance or to the type of distance. Experiments 2 and 3 tested these alternatives. Participants estimated exocentric distances presented along the depth or frontal plane either by turning and walking (Experiment 2) or by turning and throwing a beanbag to indicate the perceived extent (Experiment 3). For both Experiments 2 and 3, depth intervals were underestimated in the HMD-VE compared to the real world. However, frontal intervals were estimated similarly across environments. The findings suggest anisotropy in HMD-VE distance perception such that distance underestimation in the HMD-VE generalizes to intervals in the depth plane, but not to intervals in the frontal plane. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献