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11.
Categorization research has demonstrated the use of both rules and remembered exemplars in classification, although there is disagreement over whether learners shift from one to the other or use both strategies simultaneously. Theoretical arguments can motivate predictions for both rule use and exemplar use increasing with more practice. We describe a single large experiment (n = 190) that manipulated the number of training items (category size), the number of presentations of each training item, and the similarity between the training and the transfer stimuli in order to discover when rules and exemplars are most likely to be used. Results showed that rules and exemplars both influenced classification and that exemplars were used more often with smaller categories, with more training on items, and when test items were similar to training items. There was no consistent evidence of a shift from rule-based to exemplar-based categorization with more learning. Importantly, we found a number of conditions in which rules and exemplars were both used, even within individual participants. We discuss our results in terms of hybrid models of classification. 相似文献
12.
Robert J. Vallerand Paul Deshaies Jean-Pierre Cuerrier Nathalie M. BriÈre Luc G. Pelletier 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(1):89-101
Abstract One major problem with research conducted on sportsmanship is the absence of an accepted definition. The purpose of this study was to attempt to derive a definition of sportsmanship by applying premises from social psychological theories and research. A major assumption of this perspective is that sportsmanship meanings and labels attached to given behaviors are learned through interpersonal interactions with various sport participants and that eventually a consensual agreement develops regarding the nature of sportsmanship. It thus follows that a meaningful definition of sportsmanship should be obtained through the athletes themselves. In this study, 1056 male and female athletes completed a questionnaire which contained various items pertaining to sportsmanship. Results from a factor analysis revealed the presence of 5 factors corresponding to the respect and concern for: a) one's full commitment toward sport participation, b) the rules and officials. c) social conventions, d) the opponent, as well as e) a negative approach toward sport participation. Implications of this multidimensional definition for future sportsmanship research are drawn. 相似文献
13.
Laurence Roy Jacqueline Rousseau Pierre Fortier Jean-Pierre Mottard 《Occupational Therapy in Mental Health》2013,29(3):232-245
This study compared patterns of daily activities and satisfaction with time use of young adults with first-episode psychosis and healthy volunteers. Fifty young adults participated in retrospective structured interviews on time use. Young adults with first-episode psychosis spend more time in sleep, passive leisure, and personal care activities, and less in total productive activities and education. No difference appeared for leisure, paid work, and household work, or satisfaction with daily time use. Reasons underlying dissatisfaction with daily time use differed between the groups. Clinical and research implications are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Jean-Pierre Marquis 《Synthese》2013,190(12):2141-2164
In this paper, I introduce the idea that some important parts of contemporary pure mathematics are moving away from what I call the extensional point of view. More specifically, these fields are based on criteria of identity that are not extensional. After presenting a few cases, I concentrate on homotopy theory where the situation is particularly clear. Moreover, homotopy types are arguably fundamental entities of geometry, thus of a large portion of mathematics, and potentially to all mathematics, at least according to some speculative research programs. 相似文献
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How are we to understand the fact that the philosophical debate over nanotechnologies has been reduced to a clash of seemingly
preprogrammed arguments and counterarguments that paralyzes all rational discussion of the ultimate ethical question of social
acceptability in matters of nanotechnological development? With this issue as its starting point, the study reported on here,
intended to further comprehension of the issues rather than provide a cause-and-effect explanation, seeks to achieve a rational
grasp of what is being said through the appeals made to this or that principle in the range of arguments put forward in publications
on the subject. We present the results of the study’s analyses in two parts. In the first, we lay out the seven categories
of argument that emerged from an analysis of the literature: the arguments based on nature, dignity, the good life, utility,
equity, autonomy, and rights. In the second part, we present the background moral stances that support each category of argument.
Identifying the different categories of argument and the moral stance that underlies each category will enable a better grasp
of the reasons for the multiplicity of the arguments that figure in discussions of the acceptability of nanotechnologies and
will ultimately contribute to overcoming the tendency towards talking past each other that all too often disfigures the exchange.
Clarifying the implications of the moral arguments deployed in the debate over nanotechnologies may make it possible to reduce
the confusion observable in these exchanges and contribute to a better grasp of the reasons for their current unproductiveness. 相似文献
18.
The emergence and development of convergent technologies for the purpose of improving human performance, including nanotechnology,
biotechnology, information sciences, and cognitive science (NBICs), open up new horizons in the debates and moral arguments
that must be engaged by philosophers who hope to take seriously the question of the ethical and social acceptability of these
technologies. This article advances an analysis of the factors that contribute to confusion and discord on the topic, in order
to help in understanding why arguments that form a part of the debate between transhumanism and humanism result in a philosophical
and ethical impasse: 1. The lack of clarity that emerges from the fact that any given argument deployed (arguments based on
nature and human nature, dignity, the good life) can serve as the basis for both the positive and the negative evaluation
of NBICs. 2. The impossibility of providing these arguments with foundations that will enable others to deem them acceptable.
3. The difficulty of applying these same arguments to a specific situation. 4. The ineffectiveness of moral argument in a
democratic society. The present effort at communication about the difficulties of the argumentation process is intended as
a necessary first step towards developing an interdisciplinary response to those difficulties. 相似文献
19.
The aim of the present study is to investigate the performance of children of different ages on an analogymaking task involving
semantic analogies in which there are competing semantic matches. We suggest that this can best be studied in terms of developmental
changes in executive functioning. We hypothesize that the selection of common relational structure requires the inhibition
of other salient features, in particular semantically related matches. Our results show that children's performance in classic
A ∶ B ∶∶ C ∶ D analogy-making tasks seems to depend crucially on the nature of the distractors and the association strength
between both the A and B terms and the C and D terms. These results agree with an analogy-making account (Richland, Morrison,
& Holyoak, 2006) based on different limitations in executive functioning at different ages. 相似文献
20.